Seasonal Hunger A Neglected Problem with Proven Solutions 英文参考文献.docVIP

Essay SeasonalHunger:ANeglectedProblemwithProven Solutions BapuVaitla1,StephenDevereux2*,SamuelHauensteinSwan3 1FletcherSchool,TuftsUniversity,Medford,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2InstituteofDevelopmentStudies,UniversityofSussex,Brighton,UnitedKingdom, 3ActionAgainstHunger–UK,London,UnitedKingdom Most of the world’s acute hunger and undernutritionoccursnotinconflictsand naturaldisastersbutintheannual‘‘hunger season,’’ the time of year when the previous year’s harvest stocks have dwin- dled, food prices are high, and jobs are scarce(SeeTextS1,NoteA).Nearlyseven out of every ten hungry people in the world, or about six hundred million, are either landless rural laborers or members of small farm households [1]. Many of these six hundred million people live in areas where water or temperature con- straints allow only one crop harvest per year. Their poverty is driven by seasonal cycles,worseningespeciallyintheprehar- vest months (see Text S1, note B) [2]. the face of diarrheal and other diseases, struggle to retain what they have eaten. Illness also reduces the labor productivity ofhouseholdsandimposesadditionaltime andmoneycostsincaringforthesick.The psychologicaleffectsofthesestrugglesare also profound, as family members often experience elevated levels of anxiety and stress in the hunger season. Women are especiallyaffected,astheirresponsibilities SummaryPoints N Mostoftheworld’sacutehunger and undernutrition occurs not in conflictsandnaturaldisastersbut in the annual ‘‘hunger season,’’ the time of year when the previ- ous year’s harvest stocks have dwindled, food prices are high, andjobsarescarce. N often include both income-generating We know what works in fighting activitiesandcareforinfantsandchildren. In sum, the convergence of all these challenges atspecifictimesofyeargener- ates seasonal patterns of hunger and undernutrition [3,4] (see Figure 1 for an illustrationfromNiger). seasonal hunger and undernutri- tion: there are identifiable policy an