Sounds Scary Lack of Habituation following the Presentation of Novel Sounds 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Sounds Scary Lack of Habituation following the Presentation of Novel Sounds 英文参考文献.doc

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Sounds Scary Lack of Habituation following the Presentation of Novel Sounds 英文参考文献

SoundsScary?LackofHabituationfollowingthe PresentationofNovelSounds TineA.Biedenweg1,MichaelH.Parsons2,3*,PatriciaA.Fleming2,DanielT.Blumstein4 1Department of Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia, 2School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University,Murdoch,Australia,3DepartmentofBiology,StateUniversityofNewYork-EmpireStateCollege,Hartsdale,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4Department ofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,UniversityofCaliforniaLosAngeles,LosAngeles,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: Animalstypically showless habituationto biologically meaningfulsounds thantonovel signals. We might thereforeexpectthatacousticdeterrentsshouldbebasedonnaturalsounds. Methodology: We investigated responses by western grey kangaroos (Macropus fulignosus) towards playback of natural sounds(alarmfootstompsandAustralianraven(Corvuscoronoides)calls)andartificialsounds(fauxsnakehissandbullwhip crack).Wethenincreasedrateofpresentationtoexaminewhetheranimalswouldhabituate.Finally,wevariedfrequencyof playbacktoinvestigateoptimalratesofdelivery. PrincipalFindings:NinebehaviorsclusteredintofivePrincipalComponents.PCfactors1and2(animalsalertorlooking ,or hoppingandmovingoutofarea)accountedfor36%ofvariance.PCfactor3(eatingcessation,takingflight,movementout of area) accounted for 13% of variance. Factors 4 and 5 (relaxing, grooming and walking; 12 and 11% of variation, respectively)discontinueduponplayback.Thewhipcrackwasmostevocative;eatingwasreducedfrom75%oftimespent prior to playback to 6% following playback (post alarm stomp: 32%, raven call: 49%, hiss: 75%). Additionally, 24% of individualstookflightandmovedoutofarea(50mradius)inresponsetothewhipcrack(footstomp:0%,ravencall:8%and 4%,hiss:6%).Increasingrateofpresentation(12x/min62min)caused71%ofanimalstomoveoutofthearea. Conclusions/Significance:Thebullwhipcrack,anartificialsound,wasaseffectiveasthealarmstompatelicitingaversive behaviors.Kangaroosdidnotfull