Sources and Determinants of Vitamin D Intake in Danish Pregnant Women 英文参考文献.docVIP

Nutrients 2012, 4, 259-272; doi:10.3390/nu4040259 OPEN ACCESS nutrients ISSN 2072-6643 /journal/nutrients Article Sources and Determinants of Vitamin D Intake in Danish Pregnant Women Camilla B. Jensen 1,*, Sesilje B. Petersen 1, Charlotta Granstr?m 1, Ekaterina Maslova 2, Christian M?lgaard 3 and Sjurdur F. Olsen 1,2 1 Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 5, Orestads Boulevard, DK 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; E-Mails: ssp@ssi.dk (S.B.P.); cgs@ssi.dk (C.G); sfo@ssi.dk (S.F.O.) 2 Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mail: emaslova@ 3 Department of Human Nutrition, Copenhagen University, 30, Rolighedsvej, DK 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; E-Mail: cm@life.ku.dk * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: cij@ssi.dk; Tel.: +45-326-83951. Received: 8 March 2012; in revised form: 12 March 2012 / Accepted: 22 March 2012 / Published: 16 April 2012 Abstract: Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy has been associated with the development of several adverse health outcomes, e.g., pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm delivery, low birth weight, birth length, and bone mineral content. The aims of the present study were to estimate the intake and sources of vitamin D in Danish pregnant women and to examine potential determinants of vitamin D intake of the recommended level (10 μg per day). In 68,447 Danish pregnant women the mean ± SD for vitamin D intake was 9.23 ± 5.60 μg per day (diet: 3.56 ± 2.05 μg per day, supplements: 5.67 ± 5.20 μg per day). 67.6% of the women reported use of vitamin D supplements but only 36.9% reported use of vitamin D supplements of at least 10 μg. Supplements were the primary source of vitamin D for the two higher quartiles of total vitamin D intake, with diet being the primary source for the two lower quartiles. Determinants