Transmittance of Airborne Laser Scanning Pulses for Boreal Forest Elevation Modeling 英文参考文献.docVIP

Remote Sens. 2011, 3, 1365-1379; doi:10.3390/rs3071365 OPEN ACCESS Remote Sensing ISSN 2072-4292 /journal/remotesensing Article Transmittance of Airborne Laser Scanning Pulses for Boreal Forest Elevation Modeling Eero Ahokas 1,*, Juha Hyypp? 1, Xiaowei Yu 1 and Markus Holopainen 2 1 Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, FI-02431 Masala, Finland; E-Mails: juha.hyyppa@fgi.fi (J.H.); yu.xiaowei@fgi.fi (X.Y.) 2 Department of Forest Resource Management, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; E-Mail: markus.holopainen@helsinki.fi * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: eero.ahokas@fgi.fi; Tel.: +358-9-295-55-201; Fax: +358-9-295-55-200. Received: 4 May 2011; in revised form: 22 June 2011 / Accepted: 24 June 2011 / Published: 4 July 2011 Abstract: The transmittance of laser pulses through the forest canopy was studied as a function of forest attributes (inventory parameters) and the scanning angle from the point of view of elevation modeling. Here transmittance is defined as the ratio of the number of pulses within a threshold of the detected elevation model to the total number of transmitted pulses. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) using a Leica ALS50-II scanner took place on 25 July 2009 in the Evo test area in Southern Finland. The total number of circular field test plots with a radius of 10 meters was 246. Several of the test plots were observed from two different flight lines, and this resulted in 454 observations. Multiple regression analysis was applied to calculate statistical parameters for the scanning angle and the forest attributes. The canopy layer is an important factor that influences the number of ground hits. We found that the characteristics of the trees determine the number of transmitted pulses penetrating down to the ground level. When using scanning angles between 0 to 15 degrees in forested areas, the results