模块5第1单元语法突破、综合练习、英语问答.docVIP

模块5第1单元语法讲解 过去分词的语法功能 (一) 作定语和表语 山东 刘永科 【导言】过去分词，跟动词不定式、动名词、现在分词一样，都属于“非谓语动词”的一种形式，它在句中主要作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。过去分词的构成是: V+ed，不规则动词的过去分词需单独记忆。由于过去分词跟be可以构成被动语态，跟have, had构成完成时态，所以，过去分词具备两大特征：被动和完成。过去分词无论在句中作何种成分，被其修饰的成分或者其逻辑主语与它的关系一般是被动的关系，而且往往具有完成的意味。下面重点讲解过去分词作定语和表语。 一、过去分词作定语 过去分词的主要功能之一是作定语，相当于一个定语从句，然而它比定语从句更加简练。 1. 过去分词作定语的位置 people exposed to cholera (受到霍乱感染的普通人) a laboratory built last year (去年建的实验室) a game designed for children (专为孩子设计的游戏) the girl dressed in blue clothes (穿蓝衣服的女孩) (2) 单个的过去分词作定语，往往放在被修饰词之前。例如： He is an experienced teacher. 他是个有经验的教师。’s hurry up. 剩余的时间不多了，我们赶快吧。 The time given is not enough. 所提供的时间不充足。 The room temperature needed is 15°C. 房里所需温度是15。This is best hotel known. 这是一家人所共知的最好的旅馆。All the members concerned are present. 所有相关的人都到了。 注意：有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置意义不同试比较：This is a used car. 这是一辆旧车。The method used is very efficient. 所用的这个方法有效。 2过去分词作定语相当于一个定语从句people exposed to cholera. = John Snow helped the ordinary people who had been exposed to cholera. (完成的含义) (2) 由于过去分词的一个显著特点是“完成”，所以过去分词作定语时不用完成时态，而完成时态多用于过去分词作状语的情况下。例如： The building completed last year is a school library. (正) The building having been completed last year is a school library. (误) (3) 扩展成的定语从句一定是被动语态，而且时态要和主句的时态相呼应。 Many people die from the polluted air (= the air which has been polluted) every year. 每年有许多人死于空气污染。 The book, (= which was completed last month), sells well now. 这本书是的，很畅销。answer to the question. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. He got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killed people. She looked very disappointed when she heard the news. (1) 英语中有大量的“使令性动词”，如satisfy, frighten, amuse, amaze, embarrass, surprise, astonish, shock, bore, tire, delight, disappoint, discourage, encourage, excite, interest, annoy, fascinate, upset, puzzle, confuse, please, frustrate等，这些动词往往表示人的感情变化，意为“使……怎么样”。由于“人”是这些动词的接收者，所以这些词无论作定语还是表语，都用过去分词形式。例如：The news excited all of us. That means the news was exctiting, and we