流行病感冒介绍.pptx

Influenza;Contents;Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae(正粘病毒科);Classification In virus classification, there are three types of influenza viruses: A, B and C viruses(变异性强). Influenza A and B viruses are the major human pathogens and are morphologically(形态) similar The type A viruses are the most virulent（恶性） human pathogens among the three influenza types and cause the most severe disease.;Known flu pandemics;Seasonal variations Influenza reaches peak prevalence in winter, Epidemics begin abruptly, peak over 2-3 weeks, last 2-3 months, and then subside rapidly. Risk factors for severe illness Chronic cardiac and pulmonary disease and old age are prominent risk factors Epidemic and pandemic spread From a public health point of view, flu epidemics spread rapidly and are very difficult to control。the generation time for influenza is extremely short: the time from a person becoming infected to when he infects the next person is only two days. The short generation time means that influenza epidemics generally peak at around 2 months and burn out after 3 months[;Influenza is acquired from respiratory secretion of acutely ill individuals through aerosols generated by coughs and sneezes and possibly by hand to hand contact or other personal or fomite contact。 Virus then infects the respiratory epithelium(上皮细胞）;In mild and avirulent viruses, the structure of the hemagglutinin(血凝素) means that it can only be cleaved by proteases found in the throat and lungs, so these viruses cannot infect other tissues. However, in highly virulent strains, such as H5N1, the hemagglutinin can be cleaved by a wide variety of proteases, allowing the virus to spread throughout the body.;Clinical Features ;Most sensitive symptoms for diagnosing influenza 敏感症状;Common cold vs influenza It can be difficult to distinguish between the common cold and influenza in the early stages of these infections A flu can be id