《娱乐至死》在图像和碎片里迷失.docVIP

《娱乐至死》在图像和碎片里迷失 　　尼尔?波兹曼 　　尼尔?波兹曼（Neil Postman， 1931～2003），美国作家、教育家、媒介理论家、文化批评家。波兹曼出生于纽约，并在此度过一生中的大部分时光。1953年，波兹曼毕业于纽约州立大学弗里多尼亚分校，1955年获得哥伦比亚大学教育学院硕士学位，1958年获得该学院教育博士学位。自1959年起，波兹曼在纽约大学开始了长达40多年的教职生涯。1971年，波兹曼在纽约大学斯坦哈特文化、教育与人类发展学院创立媒体生态学。他为人所熟知的代表作包括1982年出版的《童年的消逝》（The Disappearance of Childhood）、1985年出版的《娱乐至死》（Amusing Ourselves to Death）和1992年出版的《技术垄断：文化向技术投降》（Technopoly： The Surrender of Culture to Technology）。2003年，波兹曼因肺癌去世。 　　The problem， in any case， does not reside in what people watch. The problem is in that we watch. The solution must be found in how we watch. For I believe it may fairly be said that we have yet to learn what television is. And the reason is that there has been no worthwhile discussion， let alone widespread public understanding， of what information is and how it gives direction to a culture. There is a certain poignancy2） in this， since there are no people who more frequently and enthusiastically use such phrases as “the information age，” “the information explosion，” and “the information society.” We have apparently advanced to the point where we have grasped the idea that a change in the forms， volume， speed and context of information means something， but we have not got any further. 　　What is information？ Or more precisely， what are information？ What are its various forms？ What conceptions of intelligence， wisdom and learning does each form insist upon？ What conceptions does each form neglect or mock？ What are the main psychic effects of each form？ What is the relation between information and reason？ What is the kind of information that best facilitates thinking？ Is there a moral bias to each information form？ What does it mean to say that there is too much information？ How would one know？ What redefinitions of important cultural meanings do new sources， speeds， contexts and forms of information require？ Does television， for example， give a new meaning to “piety，” to “patriotism，” to “privacy”？ Does television give a new meaning to “ju