第五讲第2章知识表示2012年4月23.pptVIP

* In the early seventies, Newell and Simon from Carnegie-Mellon University proposed a production system model, the foundation of the modern rule-based expert systems. The production model is based on the idea that humans solve problems by applying their knowledge (expressed as production rules) to a given problem represented by problem-specific information. 解决一个特定以特征信息为代表的问题 The production rules are stored in the long-term memory and the problem-specific information or facts in the short-term memory. 3.Structure of a rule-based expert system * Production system model * Basic structure of a rule-based expert system * The knowledge base contains the domain knowledge useful for problem solving. In a rule-based expert system, the knowledge is represented as a set of rules. Each rule specifies a relation, recommendation, directive, strategy or heuristic启发 and has the IF (condition) THEN (action) structure. When the condition part of a rule is satisfied, the rule is said to fire and the action part is executed. The database includes a set of facts used to match against the IF (condition) parts of rules stored in the knowledge base. * The inference engine carries out the reasoning whereby the expert system reaches a solution. It links the rules given in the knowledge base with the facts provided in the database. The explanation facilities enable the user to ask the expert system how a particular conclusion is reached and why a specific fact is needed. An expert system must be able to explain its reasoning and justify its advice证明建议, analysis or conclusion. The user interface is the means of communication between a user seeking a solution to the problem and an expert system. * Complete structure of a rule-based expert system * An expert system is built to perform at a human expert level in a narrow, specialised domain. Thus, the most important characteristic of an expert system is its high-quality performance. No matter how fast the system can solve a problem, the u