国贸理论与政策COMMERCIAL POLICY ISSUES参考.ppt

* Ch.10 COMMERCIAL POLICY ISSUES * COMMERCIAL POLICY: HISTORY AND PRACTICE * The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): 1947-1995 Principles Trade without Discrimination: the Most Favored Nation (MFN) clause Protection through Tariffs -- Not quantitative or other nontariff restrictions Commitment承诺 to Negotiated Tariff Reduction Consultation and Settlement of Disputes Waivers[weiv?]豁免 for Special Situations Balance-of-payments difficulties Regional trading arrangements Developing countries -- Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) Trade in specific industries (agriculture and textiles) * B. GATT Rounds The Kennedy Round (1964-67) GATT members agree to cut tariffs by 35%. US tariff rates down to 8.9%. The Tokyo Round (1974-1979) Average tariff to 4.67% Attempts to eliminate nontariff barriers Special Code法规 for dumping and subsidies GSP The Uruguay Round (1986-94) Negotiate trade in services, agriculture, intellectual property, textiles Dispute settlement strengthened Open up government procurement practices World Trade Organization (1995) The Doha Round (2001- ) * C. Exemptions豁免 from GATT Rules Antidumping and Countervailing Duties (included in the Uruguay Round) Safeguards Arrangements for protection against a surge激增 of imports Balance of Payments and Economic Development Reasons Free Trade Area and Regional Trade Agreements Implicit内含的exceptions: Voluntary Export Restraints (VER) and Orderly Marketing Arrangements (OMA) * World Trade Organization Created 1995, replaced GATT, which was a provisional [pr?vi??n?l]临时的 agreement Set rules for goods and services trade, international investment, and protection of intellectual property rights. Strengthen disputes settlement procedure [pr?si:d??] Home Page: / * Some Recent Developments Anti-globalization movements: What are the issues? China becomes a member of WTO. The Doha Round (2001 - ) * Figure 8.01 U.S. tariffs, 1792-1999 abomination [?,b?minei??n]厌恶,憎恨 * U.S. Commercial Policy