新技术与新材料的环境风险.pptVIP

第三章 环境化学前沿 第八节 新技术与新材料的环境风险 一、纳米材料与纳米技术的环境风险Environmental Risks of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 1. 纳米材料 2. 纳米材料的环境风险 3. 纳米技术的环境风险 1. 纳米材料 1) 何谓纳米材料 标准尺寸 100 nm的材料 常用的纳米材料 Fullerenes They have created significant commercial interest because of their high strength, electrical conductivity, electron affinity, structure, and versatility. 量子点 Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductors that display narrow fluorescence or absorption bands because of quantum constraints imposed on electrons by the finite size of the material. Applications of QDs include medical imaging and sensors. Metal oxanes In contrast with these bottom-up methods for nanoparticle fabrication, metal oxanes (e.g., alumoxane) are made in a top-down procedure in which a mineral (boehmite in the case of alumoxanes) is cut into smaller pieces by an organic acid in an aqueous solution. Metal oxanes have been used as alternatives to sol–gel precursors for membrane fabrication and thin films. 纳米TiO2 TiO2 nanoparticles are widely used for applications such as photocatalysts, pigments, and cosmetic additives. Many procedures have been reported for producing TiO2 nanoparticles; most typically involve synthesis by hydrolysis and calcination. 纳米Fe0 Zerovalent iron nanoparticles (nanoiron) are relatively advanced environmental nanotechnologies in terms of large-scale commercial production. They have been used at 20 sites for the in situ remediation of amenable groundwater contaminants in pilot-or full-scale operations. 2) 纳米材料的应用 The ability to design materials at the nanoscale is now leading to the rapid development of an industry that provides nanomaterials for a range of industrial and consumer products. Commercial applications of nanomaterials currently available or soon to appear include ： nanoengineered titania particles for sunscreens and paints; fullerene nanotube composites in tires, tennis rackets, and video screens; fullerene cages in cosmetics(化妆品); silica nanoparticles as solid lubrican