社会统计学02.pptVIP

* * * Exercise 2 Using the data at , Construct a stem-and-leaf plot for the number of gold medals won by each participating country in the 2008 Summer Olympics. Histogram A graph consisting of bars of equal width drawn adjacent to each other (without gaps). The horizontal scale represents the classes of quantitative data values and the vertical scale represents the frequencies. The heights of the bars correspond to the frequency values. * Histogram Basically a graphic version of a frequency distribution. * Histogram The bars on the horizontal scale are labeled with one of the following: Class boundaries Class midpoints Lower class limits (introduces a small error) Horizontal Scale for Histogram: Use class boundaries or class midpoints. Vertical Scale for Histogram: Use the class frequencies. * Relative Frequency Histogram Has the same shape and horizontal scale as a histogram, but the vertical scale is marked with relative frequencies instead of actual frequencies * Objective is not simply to construct a histogram, but rather to understand something about the data. When graphed, a normal distribution has a “bell” shape. Characteristic of the bell shape are Critical ThinkingInterpreting Histograms (1) The frequencies increase to a maximum, and then decrease, and (2) symmetry, with the left half of the graph roughly a mirror image of the right half. The histogram on the next slide illustrates this. * Critical ThinkingInterpreting Histograms * Recap In this Section we have discussed Histograms Relative Frequency Histograms * Section 2-4 Statistical Graphics * Key Concept This section discusses other types of statistical graphs. Our objective is to identify a suitable graph for representing the data set. The graph should be effective in revealing the important characteristics of the data. * Frequency Polygon Uses line segments connected to points directly above class midpoint values * Relative Frequency Polygon Uses relative frequencies (proportions or percent