普通化学第2章溶液和 与溶胶.pptVIP

Chapter 2Solutions and Colloids溶液与溶胶;solutions, alloys合金, air? What are they?; The concentrations 浓度 of solutions can be expressed in different ways. 1. the mass fraction 摩尔分数 of the species B 物质B: ;3. the molality 重量摩尔浓度 of the species B:;Dispersion分散体系: one or more species disperse in another substance. ;p(H2O)饱和蒸气压: called the saturated vapor pressure of water, and its value varies with the temperature.; In a dilute solution, the vapor pressure of the solvent, p饱和 is not just the vapor pressure of the solution, p溶液.;The solute must be nonvolatile substance in dilute solutions. 溶质是难挥发的;Example例题: which of the following solutions has the lowest vapor pressure? (1) 0.1 mol·L?1 HAc (2) 0.1 mol·L?1 NaCl (3) 0.1 mol·L?1 H2SO4 (4) 0.1 mol·L?1 glucose;Boiling point of a liquid: Temperature at which its vapor pressure equals to 1 atmosphere.;p;Kbp、Kfp molar boiling point elevation constant and molar freezing point depression constant respectively. They depend upon the nature of the solvent only. Kbp、Kfp 为溶剂的沸点升高常数、凝固点下降常数，两者与溶剂的性质相关。;Semi-permeable membrane 半透膜: a membrane permits a solvent molecule rather than a solute molecule to pass through.;osmotic pressureΠ : the pressure required to stop the osmosis from a solvent into a solution. 溶剂向溶液渗透的压力。;Answer 解: From Raoult’s law, Π = c RT we have, 775 = c ? 8. 314 ? 310 thus, the concentration of glucose: c = (775 ? 8.314 ? 310) = 0.3 mol.L?1;A pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied onto a solution in order to make the solvent into the pure solvent phase.;溶液入口;解：the freezing point of a solution depends upon the Kfp of the solvent and the concentration of the dissolved species (molecules or ions). Methanol is a weak electrolyte, so (1) (2) (Tfp about 0℃) Kfp(water)=1.86℃.kg.mol-1, Tfp(H2O)=0.0℃ Kfp(benzene)=5.12℃.kg.mol-1, Tfp=(C6H6)5.5℃ 0.1mol.kg-1使Tfp分别约为(0 ~ 0.186)℃和(5.5 ~ 0.55)℃ 。则(3)(2); 因此,凝固点由高到低的顺序是(3) (1) (2)