13-心理健康 与社会 适 应.ppt

Defense mechanism Defense mechanisms are largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt. 1. Repression Repression involves keeping distressing thoughts and feelings imprisoned in the unconscious. People tend to repress desires that make them feel guilty, conflicts that make them anxious, and memories that are painful. 2. Projection Projection is attributing ones own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another. For example, if lusting for a co-worker makes you feel guilty, you might attribute any latent sexual tension between the two of you to the other persons desire to seduce you. 3. Introjection 4. Reaction formation Reaction formation is behaving in a way thats exactly the opposite of ones true feelings. Freud theorized that many males who ridicule homosexuals are defending against their own latent homosexual impulses. 5. Sublimation升华 一些本能的冲动或欲望是意识所不能接受或不能容忍的，而且与社会道德规范或法律相违背，不能直接发泄出来，必须改头换面，以不同的方式来表现。 也就是说，那些为社会所不容的本能冲动被净化、被提高，成为某种高尚的追求，以保持内心的安静与平衡，此即升华作用。 “化悲痛为力量”，以追求高尚目标来净化心灵。 6. Identification 7. Rationalization Rationalization, which is creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior. For example, after cheating someone in a business transaction, you might reduce your guilt by rationalizing that everyone does it. 8. Undoing 9. Fixation 10. Regression Regression is a reversion to immature patterns of behavior. For example, when anxious about their self-worth, some adults respond with childish boasting and bragging that virtually anyone can see through. 11. Displacement Displacement involves diverting feelings of anger from their original source to a substitute target. If your boss gives you a hard time at work and you come home and kick the dog and scream at your spouse, youre displacing your anger onto irrelevant targets. 12. Denial Denial occurs when people consciously refuse to face up to unpleasant realities. For example, a husband might refuse to face up to mounting e