β射线式粉尘测量仪源-探测器优化与采样装置概念设计-核技术及应用专业论文.docxVIP

PAGE PAGE 1 摘要 在煤矿开采过程中，如钻眼、爆破、掘井及采煤作业，顶板管理、煤的装载运输等 各个环节，都会产生大量的粉尘。具有很大的危害性，如：危害人体健康；若矿井煤尘 具有爆炸危险，对矿井安全生产带来很大威胁；采掘等粉尘作业环境，若矿尘在空间达 到较高的浓度，就会降低工作场所的能见度；加速机械磨损。如何有效地监测，控制和 减少空气中的粉尘浓度，是当今社会急待解决的课题。 β射线粉尘测量法具有重量法、X 射线衍射法、光学分光镜法、散射光法、压电天 平法等粉尘测量技术无法比拟的优点：它可以直接测出粉尘的质量浓度而不受粉尘种 类、粒度，分散度、形状、颜色、光泽等因素的影响；其测量结果可与经典的标准方法 —称重法等效，它可以减少样品的处理时间和受污染的机会；不会带来人为误差且无误 差积累，不需要经常校准和调零；能实现自动连续监测；监测过的样品可以保留。总之， β射线粉尘测量法是粉尘测量的独特的重要的测量技术，研究完善其技术对于煤矿安全 生产具有较好的社会与经济效益。 本研究针对β射线粉尘测量仪采用双探测器测量双滤膜测量（需先做空白滤膜测定， 再做采样滤膜测定）过程中容易产生的人为误差，提出采用单探测器实现粉尘样品测量； 同时优化粉尘测量仪源-探测器系统，达到尽可能降低β射线源强度的目的；设计对应的 粉尘采样装置，通过实验来验证单探测器测量方案与粉尘采样装置的效果。 关键词：煤尘，采样器，探测器，放射源 Abstract Optimizing the source-detector of β Ray dust measuring instrument and design principle of sampling device There will be great number of dust in all link of the coal mining process, such as digging, blasting, and mining operations, roof management, coal loading and transportation. Great harm, such as: endanger human health; the Security in mine production will become a great problem because the mine dust with a risk of explosion; Visibility of workplace will be reduced if the concentration of mine dust in space to achieve higher. The problem that monitoring, control and reduction airborne dust concentration effectively is a pressing issue in todays society. The method of β-ray dust measurement have a great number of advantage over the gravimetric method, X-ray diffraction, optical spectroscopy method, scattered light method and piezoelectric balance law dust measurement: The mass concentration of dust can be measured by this method directly and the kinds of dust , grain size, dispersion, shape, color, luster have no effect on the process of measurement; the measurement results is equivalent to the classical standard method - weighing method; The sample processing time and the chance of contamination can be reduced by the method; The method does not generate Artificial error and no error accumulation, so the frequent calibration and zero modulation is no