数字地图制图原理—GIS-intro.ppt

* * * * * * GIS查询、分析结果的表达也是基于地图的（独特之处） * * * 同样的二进制编码，不同解译，来表达不同类型数据 * * How different types of data represented? The same binary representation Different interpretation (char, string integer, float, …) Mapping between binary code and interpretations Extended ASCII Based on “GIS: A Computing Perspective” Spatial data Raster data is structured as an array or grid of cells, referred to as pixels Vector is a finite straight line segment defined by its end points. The locations of end-points are given with respect to some coordination of the plane Raster Natural structures to use in computers as programming languages commonly support array handling and operations Inefficient in terms of usage of computer storage Vector More efficient in its use of computer storage as only points of interest need be stored Assume a hard edged boundary model of the world Spatial Data Database: a repository of data that is logically related, but possibly physically distributed over several sites A database is created and maintained using a database management system (DBMS) For a database to be useful it must be: Reliable Correct and consistent Technology proof Secure ? Worboys and Duckham (2004) GIS: A Computing Perspective, Second Edition, CRC Press Database as data store Data capture: the process of collecting data from observations of the physical environment Sensors are a primary source of data for a GIS and are used to measure some feature of the geographic environment Legacy data (such as paper maps) are a secondary source of data Automatic conversion Manual conversion ? Worboys and Duckham (2004) GIS: A Computing Perspective, Second Edition, CRC Press Data capture The process of developing a database is essentially a process of model building Application domain model: describes the core requirements of users in a particular application domain, based on an initial study Conceptual model: tailored to a particular type of implementation Physical computational model: the result of