神经系统对躯体运动的调节教学案例.ppt

May excite or decrease activity depending on target Decrease HR. Decrease force of contraction of the heart. Produce bronchiole constriction. Increases digestive activity including secretions peristalsis. Causes constriction of Iris(虹膜) Blocking Agents Blocking agents are chemicals which bind to the receptors on target organs and prevent the normal neurotransmitter from binding. Blockers: Atropine(阿托品). Nicotinic receptors(N型受体，菸碱型受体) On skeletal muscle cells(N2) On postganglionic dendrites cell bodies in both sympathetic parasympathetic(N1) ACh binds to 2 nicotinic receptor binding sites. Opens a Na+/ K+ channel. Almost always excite Blockers: Tubocurarine(筒箭毒) Interfere with stimulatory or depressing effects of neurotransmitters by blocking the receptors on target organs. Normal neurotransmitter can’t bind with receptor because blocker covers the binding site. Blocker Located only on sympathetic target organs. Adrenergic Receptors(肾上腺素能受体) Respond only to norepinepherine released by postganglionic neurons (precise effects) or Epinepherine norepinepherine released by adrenal medulla into blood (general effects). Has both excitatory and inhibitory effects. Responses due to different membrane receptor proteins. α1 : constricts vascular smooth muscles α2 : contraction of smooth muscle β1 : increases HR and force of contraction β2 : relaxes bronchial smooth muscles Beta receptors Produce their effects by production of cAMP. NE binds to receptor. Alpha G complex activates adenylate cyclase, producing cAMP. cAMP activates protein kinase, opening ion channels. Alpha1 receptors Produce their effects by the production of Ca++. Epinephrine binds to receptor. Ca++ binds to calmodulin. Calmodulin activates protein kinase, modifying enzyme action. Adrenergic Blockers Beta 1 and 2 blockers Examples:Propranolol(心得安) Beta 1 blockers on heart prevent heart rate increase arrhythmias in cardiac patients without interfering with other sympathetic effects. Examples:Practolol(心得