集装箱运输燃油附加费与燃油成本比较物流工程专业论文.docxVIP

上海交通大学硕士学位论文 上海交通大学硕士学位论文 I I 集装箱运输燃油附加费与燃油成本比较 摘 要 随着当今国际形势发展，石油价格飙升，燃油成本已经是班轮运 输中不可忽视的因素。根据世界航运理事会（World Shipping Council， 2010a）公布数据，以一艘 8000TEU 的集装箱船为例，燃油成本已经占 到整个运营成本的 55%-65%，比 2007 年增长了 33%。航运公司通过多 种手段降低油价上涨对其造成的冲击，比如船舶大型化，降低航速， 减少停靠港以保证班轮周期。 本文集中研究航运公司为应对油价涨跌使用最为常见的方式：征 收燃油附加费。在征收燃油附加费问题上，班轮公司和货主存在很大 争议。班轮公司多次强调，虽然征收了燃油附加费，油价短时间上涨， 还是使运营利润大幅减少，燃油附加费仅仅补偿了一部分损失。相反 货主认为，燃油附加费定价不透明，不仅弥补了油价上涨的损失，还 具有明显的盈利作用。 本文最重要的目的，在于比较燃油附加费和燃油成本之间的关系， 数据上说明燃油附加费是否征收过高。首先介绍了班轮运营的成本结 构，以及航速、主机功率、油耗三者之间的关系。接着，从历史演变、 班轮公会对其影响、计算原理角度，系统阐述燃油附加费。 建立模型，估算单次航行的燃油成本。对 2000TEU 以上的注册船 只进行统计，拟合出主机功率与载重量的关系。将单次航行分为三个 时段，得出单次航行耗油量模型，验证计算结果，与船级社统计数据 比较。 最后利用上述模型计算，比较单一航线不同时段燃油附加费与燃 油成本差别，以及同一时段不同航线燃油附加费与燃油成本差别。得 出燃油附加费征收是否合理的结论，以及不同航线的巨大差别。 关键字：班轮运输，燃油成本，经济航速，附加费，定价战略 II II FUEL SURCHARGE PRACTICES OF CONTAINER SHIPPING LINES AND COMPARISON WITH FUEL COST ABSTRACT In recent years, bunker oil is a considerable expense. According to Germanischer Lloyd (LSE, 2010)，the fuel bill for a 8000 TEU ship accounts today around 50-60% of its operating costs, a 33% increase compared to three years ago. This impressive growth has led shipping lines to adapt their operating practices on bunker management using cheaper fuel grade alternatives, improving vessel design, reducing vessels’ speed adding capacity or dropping the number of ports of call in order to keep a weekly frequency in services and hedging against future bunker price variations. This paper deals with shipping lines’ practices of levying a fuel surcharges on shippers, also known as the Bunker Adjustment Factor or BAF. Shipping lines have more than once argued that the increase in bunker prices, especially in the short term, is only partially compensated through surcharges to the freight rates. In contrast, shippers have always objected that the way BAFs are determined is opaque, without uniformity, and involves a significant element of revenue-making. This paper contributes to this issue in focusing on the relationship between fuel costs fluct