II 发育中的细胞信号幻灯片.ppt

The TGF beta superfamily There are over 30 structurally related members of the TGF-beta superfamily (transforming growth factor), and they regulate some of the most important interactions in development. The TGF beta superfamily includes the TGF beta family, the Activin family, the BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins), the Vg1 family and other proteins. Relationships among members of the TGF beta superfamily (Phylogenetic tree) The TGF beta superfamily TGF beta family members are important in regulating cell division (both positively and negatively). TGF beta proteins may be critical in controlling where and when epithelia branch to form the ducts of kidneys, lungs and salivary glands. BMP proteins were originally discovered by their function in bone formation. Moreover, they have been found to regulate cell division, apoptosis, cell migration, and differentiation, thus, implicated in more developmental processes, The left-right axis formation (Nodal) The digit formation in the vertebrate limb development (BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7) Neural tube polarity, kindey development, and sperm formation (BMP7) Mice homozygous for the mutant BMP7 gene lacked eyes and kidneys, due to promoted cell death WT BMP7 knockout mice TGF beta superfamily members activate the Smad pathway TGF beta superfamily members activate the Smad pathway Signal proteins and signal transduction pathways Paracrine factors (旁泌素) The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and receptor tyrosine kinase ( RTK) pathway The Hedgehog family and Hh pathway The Wnt family and Wnt pathway The TGF-beta superfamily and Smad pathway Other paracrine factors epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, neurotrophin, stem cell factor Juxtacrine signaling (膜连分泌信号) The Delta or Serrate and Notch pathway The Notch signal transduction pathway CSL: a transcription factor p300: histone acetyltransferase The Notch signaling pathway Notch