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2010 年: Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. 为此科学家们立刻站出来，搬出各种理论依据力求挽回局面。大致是说如果这些 鸟儿无法控制害虫的话，我们将会被害虫所吞噬，但显而易见这些证据实在是危 言耸听。 But we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regdrdless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. 至少我们承认了这样一种观点：无论鸟类对我们是否存在经济利益，它们都该存 活下去，所谓生存权利与生俱来。 Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak、or that they prey only on worthless species. 曾经一段时期，这些生物们一直通过残杀弱者来维系猎物的健康状态，或仅仅捕 食一些没有价值的物种，牛物学家或多或少滥用了这种观点。 In Europe、where forestry is ecologically more advanced，the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community，to be preserved as such，within reason. 欧洲的生态林业较为发达，树种不是用来买卖交易，而是被当作原始森林群落的 成员加以合理保护。 It tends to ignore，and thus eventually to eliminate^ many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. 这样容易使一些生存于陆地生物群落的物种得到忽视，甚至促使它们最终消亡。 尽管这些物种缺乏商业价值，但对整个牛物群落的健康运行起到的作用却是至关 重要的。 2009 年 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. 可以说，衡量任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验的影响，但是这种影 响并不是它最初动机的组成部分。 Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only mow gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. 想要了解这种制度的副作用只能循序渐进，而想要行使这种制度并将其中的副作 用当作规定性因素加以发挥则更为漫长。 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. 在和年轻人交往时，我们容易忽略自己的行为对他们性格的影响，但是在与成人 打交道吋却并不如此容易。 Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will se