材料导论 (4)材料导论.pdf

Module 2 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids Matter can exist in four states: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. In 2.2 section, we will pay our attention to the structure of solids. A solid has a fixed volume and shape, and can take two forms: crystalline and amorphous. In a crystalline solid, atoms, ions, or molecules are in highly regular arrangement, forming an ordered, three-dimensional, geometric arrangement that repeats itself. Crystalline solids have long range order, meaning the orderly arrangement of atoms extends throughout the entire material. Some examples of crystalline solids are iron, aluminum, diamond, Sodium Chloride, polyethylene. In an amorphous or noncrystalline solid, atoms, ions or molecules are in random arrangement, and there is no repetitious pattern of atom locations to any extent. Amorphous solids are in short range order. That means the order is limited to an atom’s nearest neighboring atoms. Some examples of amorphous solids are glass, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Natural Rubber (NR). 译文： 物质有四种存在形式：固态，液态，气态和等离子体。在2.2 中，我们将关注固 体的结构。固体有着固定的体积和形状，它有两种类型：晶态和非晶态。 在晶体中，原子、离子或者分子高度整齐排列，形成一种有序的三维几何排布， 这种排布可重复。晶体具有长程有序，即这种有序的原子排布遍布于整个材料。 像铁、铝、钻石、氯化钠、聚乙烯都是晶体。 在非晶体中，原子、离子或分子都是随机排布，并且在任何范围内都不存在重复 的排布，非晶态是短程有序，这意味着有序只局限在一个原子周围的几个原子间。 像玻璃、聚氯乙烯和天然橡胶都是非晶体。有缘学习更多驾卫星ygd3076 Why are some materials crystalline while the others are not? The degree of crystallinity of a material depends on its chemical composition, atomic structure, morphology as well as its synthesis or processing conditions. Usually metals and ceramics except glass are crystalline solids, while pol