翻译理论及.实践.docVIP

Chapter Two: Translation: Theory and Practice Part 1 ．Understanding of Translation 1. Definition of translation: Definitions of proper translating are almost numerous and varied as the persons who have undertaken to discuss the subject. This diversity is in a sense quite understandable; for there are vast differences in the materials translated, in the purposes of the publication, and in the needs of the prospective audience. Moreover, live languages are constantly changing and stylistic preferences undergo continual modification. Thus a translation acceptable in one period is often quite unacceptable at a latter time. (Eugene Nida) Translation is the expression in one language (or target language) of what have been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence. (Dubois. J.et al) Translation is craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. (Peter Newmark) 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基） 把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一种语言表达出来的活动。 （季羡林、许国璋） 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另外一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。（王克非） Translation principles: A. F. Tytler ’ s three laws of translation: The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. The translation should have all the ease流(畅自然 ) of the original. 严复：信达雅 Faithfulness/expressiveness/eleganceThe. “ threecharacter guide ”is regarded as a plumb-line to measure the professional level of translating. 傅雷：神似 Spiritual conformity. Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original. 钱钟书：化境 Sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator ’ s smoothticChineseandidiomaversion for the sake of the Chinese reader. 刘重德：信、达、切 Faithfulness / expressiveness / closeness. Part 2: Accomplishments of Translators 1. Role of translator: A. Communicator （沟通者 ） The translator, as the expert communi