毕业论文外文翻译-基础及基础工程.pdfVIP

1、外文原文（复印件） Foundation And Foundation Engineering Strucures or other constructed works are supported on the earth by foundation. The word “foundation ” may mean the earth itself, something placed in or on the earth to provide support, or a combinnation of the earth and the elements placed on it. The foundation for a multistory office building could be a combination for an earth-fill dam would be the natural soil or rock on which the dam is placed. Concrete footings or which or in which they are placed. The installed elements and the natural soil or rock of the earth form a foundation system; the soil and rock provide the ultimate support of the system. Foundation that are installed may be either soil-bearing or rock–bearing. The reactions of the soil or rock to the imposed loads generally determined how well the foundation system functions. In designing the installed portions, the designer must determine the safe pressue which can be used on the soil or rock and the amount of total settlement and differential settlement which the structure can withstand. The installed parts of the foundation system may be footings, mat foundations, slab foundations, and caissons or piles, all of which are used to transfer load from a supersteucture into the earth. These parts, which transmit load from the superstructure to the earth, are called the substructure. Footing Footing or spread foundations are used to spread the loads from columns or walls to the underlying soil or rock. Normally, footings are constructed of reinfored concrete. However, under some circumstances they may be constructed of plain concrete or masonary, when each footing supports only one column, it is square. Footings supporting two coumns are called combined footings and may be either rectangular or trapezoidal. Cantilever footings are used to building line or exterior wall.