第四章 知识拓展 辛烷值.pdf

烷烃知识拓展 辛烷值: 油泵上的那些数值是什么意思 译自：William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. Foote - Organic Chemistry-Brooks Cole （8th ，2018） 汽油是 C6 到 C12 烃类的复杂混合物。汽油作为内燃机燃料的质量标准用辛烷值表 示。当空气燃料混合物的一部分在活塞到达其冲程顶部(通常是压缩过程中产生的热 量)并独立于火花塞点火时发生爆炸时，发动机就会发生爆震。由此产生的活塞撞击气 缸壁的冲击波会产生回响，产生一种典型的金属“敲击”声。选择两种化合物作为参考 燃料。2,2,4-三甲基戊烷（异辛烷）是其中之一， 具有非常好的抗爆性能，辛烷值为 100。异辛烷 的名称是2,2,4-三甲基戊烷的俗称，含有 8 个碳。 另一种对照化合物是正庚烷，抗爆性差，辛烷值 为 0。 标准燃料的辛烷值是异辛烷和正庚烷的混合物中的异辛烷的百分比，其抗爆性能 相当于试验汽油的抗爆性能。例如，2- 甲基己烷的抗爆性能与42%异辛烷和 58%正庚 烷混合物的抗爆性能相同；因此，2- 甲基己烷的辛烷值为 42 。辛烷本身的辛烷值为- 20 ，这意味着它产生比正庚烷更多的发动机爆震，抗爆性能差。 附：英文原文 Octane Rating: What Those Numbers at the Pump Mean Gasoline is a complex mixture of C6 to C12 hydrocarbons. The quality of gasoline as a fuel for internal combustion engines is expressed in terms of an octane rating. Engine knocking occurs when a portion of the air- fuel mixture explodes prior to the piston reaching the top ofits stroke (usually as a result of heat developed during compression) and independently of ignition by the sparkplug. The resulting shockwave of the piston against the cylinder wall reverberates, creating a characteristicmetallic “pinging” sound. Two compounds were selected as reference fuels. One of these, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane(isooctane), has very good antiknock properties and was assigned an octane rating of 100. The name isooctane is atrivial name; its only relation to 2,2,4-trimethylpentane is that both compounds have eight carbons. Heptane, the other reference compound, has poor antiknock properties and was assigned an octane rating of 0. The octane rating of a particular gasoline is thepercent of isooctane in a mixture of isooctane and heptane that has antiknock properties equivalent tothat of the test gasoline. For example, the antiknock properties of 2-methylhexane are the same as thoseof a mixtur