正式文体与非正式文体.pptVIP

2021/3/26 * 从交际内容上看, 具有政治性、历史性、 宗教性或专业性的内容,一般需用正式文体予以表现。内容是生活性的或协商性的,一般都使用非正式文体。 所以宗教界使用的英语、 法律文件、 科技文献等常具有正式文体的色彩。 口 语中, 话题若是比较严肃的或具有较高的专业性,那么所使用的语言也正式些。 下面是美国著名语言学家 Noam Chomsky 与哲学家 Stuart Hampshire 的一段谈话, 所用的语言具有明显的正式文体色彩。 2021/3/26 * Hampshire: Am I right in thinking—you must correct me if Im wrong—that your studies of language have led you to the conclusion that there are certain. . . common. . . under-lying structures common to all languages which constitute something like a universal grammar? 2021/3/26 * Chomsky: Yes. It seems to me that the evidence available to us suggests that there must be some very deep... inborn principles, probably of a highly restrictive nature that determine how knowledge of a language emerges in an individual given the very scattered and degenerate data avail-able to him. 2021/3/26 * Hampshire: Your evidence is derived really from learning, the study of learning language? 2021/3/26 * Chomsky: It seems to me that if you want to study learning in a serious way, what one really has to do is to study a sort of input-output situation. We have an organism of which we know nothing, we know what kind of data is available to it, we can discover that, and the first question we must then try to answer is what kind of a mental ..., structure does the organism develop when that evidence is presented to it? 2021/3/26 * (对话中的 … 表示停顿) 交际双方的心理状态也是考察运用正式文体或非正式文体的二种重要因素。比如说,在征询对方的意愿时,为了表示说话人对对方尊重的心理,用 shall1…的结构就显得正式些、客气些; 使用其它结构就不能反映说话人的这种心理状态。 2021/3/26 * 试比较: FORMAL POLITE: Shall I call a taxi for you? INFORMAL: Do you want me to call a taxi for you? 2021/3/26 * 对正式文体与非正式文体的考察与识别是个十分复杂的问题。上面谈到的只是一些基本的原则。了解这两种文体的差异,能帮助我们在言语交际中作到恰当、得体。 2021/3/26 * (四 )在表达 “原因”、“后果” 等概念时,正式文体常用 on account of, accordingly, thus, hence, consequently, owing to (the fact that) 等词或词组,且比较经常地运用分词短语、独立主格结构等; 非正式文体则常用 so,because 或其它形式的表示原因的从句。 试比较 : 2021/3/26 * INFORMAL: Since the weather had