国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Gravitational Fields Part 3 - Satellites and orbits.pptVIP

* of 11 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 11 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 54 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 54 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 11 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 54 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 54 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 11 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 What is a satellite? A satellite is a body that circles around another body in space. Moons, comets, asteroids, planets and stars are examples of natural satellites. Our Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth. Artificial satellites include the International Space Station (ISS) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). When might a star be called a satellite? A star could be a satellite of another star in a binary system. A star could be described as a satellite of the galactic centre. When a planet appears to orbit a star, both star and planet are actually orbiting their common centre of mass. Mass of the central object (1) Consider two masses in orbit under each other’s gravity. If one of the masses is a lot larger than the other, it stays virtually at rest whilst the other orbits around it. Newton’s law of gravitation allows us to calculate the masses of stars. To do this, consider a small mass, m, moving in a circular orbit around a large mass, M. Can you derive the following expression for M using your knowledge of circular motion? M = v2 r / G v r Mass of the central object (2) For an object moving in a circle, the resultant force on it is the centripetal force, given by: The centripetal force is provided by the gravitational attraction on m from M: m v2 / r = G m M / r2 M = v2 r / G Fgrav = G m M / r2 Cancel and rearrange: F = m v2 / r F v r Orbital period The period of the satellite’s orbit, T, is the time it takes for the satellite to make one complete circuit. time = distance / speed T = 2π r / v Knowing that M = v2 r / G, v can be eliminated to give an expression relating T, r and M: T2 = 4π2 r2 / v2 v2 = G M / r T2 = 4π2 r2 × r / G M T 2 = r3 4π2 G M ( ) Kepler’s third law It was Kepler who first established that th