神经系统病理NERVOUSSYSTEM月(神经模块讲义七制中英文).pptVIP

2. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS The cause(s) of PD is unknown 病因及发病机制：不明 A disturbance in the dopaminergic pathways connecting the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia. A disturbance in motor functions. 当前94页，共164页，星期日。 3. DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS The diagnosis in the early stage is difficult. Death usually results from intercurrent infection or trauma from frequent falls caused by postural instability. The course of the disease is one of steady progression, usually over a period of about 10 years. Treatment is symptomatic and does not halt the pathological process. 抗胆碱及多巴胺前体药作用有效 当前95页，共164页，星期日。 3 当前96页，共164页，星期日。 SECTION 6TUMORS神经系统肿瘤 当前97页，共164页，星期日。 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The incidence of tumors of the CNS: ---10~17 per 100,000 persons for intracranial tumors ---1~2 per 100,000 persons for intraspinal tumors ---about half are primary tumors and the rest are metastatic 当前98页，共164页，星期日。 INTRODUCTION 1.2 Location: ---in childhood: 70% of primary tumors arise in the posterior fossa ---in adults: a corresponding proportion arise above the tentorium 当前99页，共164页，星期日。 INTRODUCTION 1.3 Classification 1.3.1 Tumors of the CNS: ------gliomas(40%), meningiomas(15%), neuronal tumors, medulloblastoma 1.3.2 Tumors of the peripheral nerve: ------schwannoma(5%), neurofibroma 1.3.3 Metastatic tumor 当前100页，共164页，星期日。 INTRODUCTION 1.4 intracranial tumor symptoms 1. Local nervous symptoms: palsy 瘫痪，epilepsy 癫癎 2. Increased intracranial pressure: headache, projectile vomiting 当前101页，共164页，星期日。 2. COMMON TUMORS 2.1 Gliomas胶质瘤 2.1.1 Tumor types: Astrocytomas星形胶质细胞瘤 : 30% of intracranial tumors, 78% of gliomas Oligodendrogliomas少突胶质细胞瘤 : about 5~10% of gliomas Ependymomas室管膜（细胞）瘤 : 5~10% of gliomas 当前102页，共164页，星期日。 COMMON TUMORS 2.1.2 Unique characteristics不同于其它部位的肿瘤其生物学特性: ---the distinction between benign and malignant lesions is less evident(