《无机化学》课件-130_Chapter-13HydrogenandNobleGases-lecture1.pptVIP

Chapter 13 Hydrogen and Noble Gases 13.1 Hydrogen Nearly nine out of every ten atoms in the universe are hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. Hydrogen is also the simplest of all elements.13.1 HydrogenHydrogen was first discovered in 1766 by English chemist and physicist Henry Cavendish. Cavendish was also the first person to prove that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. Its atoms consist (usually) of one proton and one electron. 13.1 HydrogenIsotopes There are three isotopes of hydrogen.Hydrogen-1 (H) is sometimes called protium. Protium atoms all contain one proton and one electron. About 99.9844 percent of the hydrogen in nature is protium.Hydrogen-2 (D) is known as deuterium. A deuterium atom contains one proton, one electron, and one neutron. About 0.0156 percent of the hydrogen in nature is deuterium. Hydrogen-3 (T) is tritium. An atom of tritium contains one proton, one electron, and two neutrons. There are only very small traces of tritium in nature. Occurrence in nature Hydrogen occurs throughout the universe in two forms. 13.1 HydrogenStars use hydrogen as a fuel with which to produce energy. Hydrogen also occurs in the empty spaces between stars. Hydrogen occurs on the Earth primarily in the form of water.Physical properties Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. Density: 0.08999 grams per liter. Liquefaction temperature: -252.77°CFreezing temperature: -259.2°C 13.1 HydrogenChemical propertiesThe hydrogen atom, with ground-state configuration 1s1, and Hydrogen has richly varied chemical properties and forms compounds with nearly every other element.It ranges in character from being a strong Lewis base (the hydride ion, H-) to being a strong Lewis acid (as the hydrogen cation, H+, the proton;). Under certain circumstances H atoms can form bonds to more than one other atom simultaneously and form the ‘hydrogen bond’. 13.1 HydrogenReactivity of hydrogen Loss of electron to form H+ (similar