高教社Geology Applied to Civil Engineering 土木工程地质教学课件8 第七章 Introduction to Earthquakes.pptx

西南交通大学7.1 Introduction to EarthquakesGeology Applied to Civil Engineering 123contentsClassification of earthquakesSeismic WavesBasic Concepts of Earthquakes 1 Basic Concepts of EarthquakesEarthquake is a common geological phenomenon. On average, approximately 5 million earthquake events occurred around worldwide per year. Most of earthquake events are too weak to be felt by people. Among these 5 million earthquake events, there are about 50 thousand events that can be felt by people. Devastating earthquakes account for 1,000 events, of which only 10 events are the the larger devastating ones 1.1 Terminology of An Earthquake Event Focal depth of an earthquake event refers to the distance between seismic focus and epicenter.Epicentral distance of an earthquake event refers to the horizontal distance between seismostation and epicenter.Focal distance of an earthquake event refers to the distance between seismic focus and seismostation.Isoseismic line of an earthquake event refers to the connected points of the same damage degree with same intensity.Seismic focus (or hypocenter) of an earthquake event refers to the source area, where the seismic energy from the earthquake event releases. Seismic focus is also known as hypocenter. This is the center of the earthquake, the point of initial breakage and movement on a fault.Epicenter of an earthquake event refers to the position, where is the vertical projection point of the seismic focus is located on the Earth’s surface ground. 1.2 Locations of earthquakesEarthquakes commonly occur in the strong earthquake zone, which can be classified as Circum-Pacific Seismic Belt (approximately 80% events), Mediterranean to Central Asia Seismic Belt (approximately 15% events), and Mid-ocean Ridge and Continental Rift Seismic Belt. China is an earthquake-prone country, located between the Circum-Pacific seismic Belt and the Mediterranean to Central Asia Seismic Belt. There are 5 seismic belts in China:1 Southeastern Coastal Seismic Be