高教社Geology Applied to Civil Engineering 土木工程地质教学课件9 第七章 Evaluation and Effect of Earthquakes.pptx

西南交通大学7.2 Evaluation and Effect of EarthquakesGeology Applied to Civil Engineering 12contentsEffect of earthquakeSeismic magnitude and intensity 1 Seismic magnitude and intensity Seismic magnitude is an estimation of the relative “size” or strength of an earthquake and thus it’s potential for causing ground-shaking. It is approximately related to the released seismic energy. The seismic magnitude is determined from the seismic energy. The larger seismic energy will result in larger seismic magnitude. The relationship between seismic magnitude and release seismic energy is listed in the table below.1.1 Seismic MagnitudeSeismic magnitudeEnergy/JSeismic magnitudeEnergy/J12.00×10666.31×101326.31×10772.00×101532.00×10986.31×101646.31×10108.53.55×101752.00×10128.91.41×1018 1.1 Seismic MagnitudeThe seismic magnitude size is measured from the amplitude of one of the wiggles on the seismogram. The larger the quake, the more the ground vibrates and the larger the wiggle is. In general, the magnitude has been reported on the Richter scale, a numerical scale of magnitudes. Based on the definition of Richter and Gutenberg, the magnitude of a quake is the logarithm of the maximum amplitude of a seismic wave on a seismogram recorded from Wood-Anderson torsion seismograph (period 0.8 s, damping ratio 0.8, and enlargement factor 2800), which locates at a position with 100 km of epicentral distance. 1.2 Seismic IntensitySeismic intensity scales categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking at a given location. This determines the intensity, which is a measure of an earthquake’s effect on people and buildings. One earthquake event has only one magnitude scale, but has different intensity scales with different epicentral distance. Seismic intensity is not only related to the magnitude scale, but also related to seismic focus, epicentral distance, and the propagation medium. In general, the higher the magnitude, the shallower the seismic focus, and the shorter the epicentral