高中化学竞赛辅导无机化学2.5化学平衡知识点素材.docVIP

§2-5化学平衡

ChemicalEquilibrium

Inthelaboratoryportionofyourchemistrycourse,youhavehadtheopportunitytoobserveanumberofchemicalreactions.Afteracertainamountoftimemanyofthesereactionsappearto“stop”---colorsstopchanging,gasesstopevolving,andsoforth.Forexample,wecanconsidertheinterconversionofthegaseousnitrogenoxides.

WhenpurefrozenN2O4iswarmedaboveitsboilingpoint(21.2℃),thegasinthesealedtubeturnsprogressivelydarkerascolorlessN2O4gasdissociatesintobrownNO2gas：

N2O4(g)2NO2(g)

colorlessbrown

EventuallythecolorchangestopseventhoughthereisstillN2O4intube.WeareleftwithamixtureofN2O4andNO2inwhichtheconcentrationsofthegasesnolongerchange.

一、化学平衡（ChemicalEquilibrium）

1．Theconditioninwhichtheconcentrationsofallreactantsandproductsceasetochangewithtimecallchemicalequilibrium.（Fig.2.2a）

2．化学平衡的特点（TheCharacterizationofequilibrium）(Fig.2.2b)

Figure2.2AchievingchemicalequilibriumforthereactionAB.(a)ThereactionofpurecompoundA,withinitialconcentration[A]0.AfteratimetheconcentrationsofAandBdonotchange.Thereasonisthat(b)theratesoftheforwardreaction(kf[A])andthereversereaction(kr[B])becomeequal.

Chemicalequilibriumoccurswhenopposingreactionsareproceedingatequalrates：

Forwardreaction：ABrate=kf[A],Reversereaction：BArate=kr[B].

Atequilibrium：kf[A]=kr[B],rearrangingthisequationgives.

constant

3．化学平衡表达式（Thegeneralequilibriumequation）

对于化学反应A(g)+B(g)C(g)+D(g)而言

(1)假设上述反应为基元反应,则平衡时,

∴constant（T≡c）

(2)假设上述反应分两步进行,中间产物为Q

如：A(g)+A(g)C(g)+Q(g)=1\*GB3①

Q(g)+B(g)A(g)+D(g)=2\*GB3②

Netreaction：A(g)+B(g)C(g)+D(g)

由(1)