Chapter 10-Solid Control-教材.docVIP

Chapter 10. SOLIDS CONTROL 10.1 SOLIDS CONTAINED IN DRHLING FLUID Solids contained in drilling fluid include bentonite, weighting materials and drilled solids (drilled cuttings of formation rocks or formation detritus derived from sloughing or collapse). Weighting materials have higher density (usually4.0 g/cm3) and are called high-density solids, and bentonite and drilled solids have lower density (usually2.7g/cm3) and are called low-density solids. Weighting materials and bentonite are useful solids and drilled solids are useless or harmful solids. The solids, such as sand, silt, limestone, feldspar, and API barite, are classified as inert solids. They do not hydrate or otherwise react with other components of the mud. With the exception of API Barite, which is used to increase the mud density, these inert solids usually are considered undesirable in a mud. 10.1.1 Bentonite Bentonite is strongly hydratable and swelling active clays and its chemical composition is water-containing silicates-aluminates that can be dispersed into water as very fine colloidal particles ( 2) therewith form a stable colloidal suspension. Particle size distribution of a bentonite in fresh water can be seen in Fig. 10.1. Figure 10.1 Particle size distribution of a bentonite in fresh water Bentonite content of a drilling fluid must be controlled in a desired range for obtaining satisfactory drilling fluid properties. The mud with insufficient bentonite content cant obtain good enough properties but if the mud has excessive bentonite content, it may lose necessary good rheological properties that can cause bit-balling, heavy loading of drilled solids in mud and difficulty of running solids control equipment, higher surge and swab pressure, difficulty of pump starting or some down hole accidents such as differential sticking or loss of circulation etc. 10.1.2 Weighting Materials API specifications for commercial barium sulfate require that 97% of the particles pass through a 200-m