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Cardiorenal Syndromes Pathophysiology to Prevention英文文献资料.doc

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Cardiorenal Syndromes Pathophysiology to Prevention英文文献资料

SAGE-HindawiAccesstoResearch InternationalJournalofNephrology Volume2011,ArticleID762590,10pages doi:10.4061/2011/762590 ReviewArticle CardiorenalSyndromes:PathophysiologytoPrevention PeterA.McCullough DepartmentofMedicine,CardiologySection,St.JohnProvidenceHealthSystem,ProvidenceParkHeartInstitute, 47601GrandRiverAvenue,SuiteC202,Novi,MI48374,USA CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoPeterA.McCullough,peteramccullough@ Received21August2010;Accepted30September2010 AcademicEditor:MitchellH.Rosner Copyright?2011PeterA.McCullough. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperly cited. Thereisastrongassociationbetween bothacuteandchronicdysfunctionoftheheartandkidneyswithrespect tomorbidity andmortality.Thecomplexinterrelationshipsoflongitudinalchangesinbothorgansystemshavebeendi?culttodescribeand fullyunderstandduetoalackofcategorizationofthecommonclinicalscenarioswherethesephenomenaareencountered.Thus, cardiorenalsyndromes(CRSs)havebeensubdividedinto?vesyndromeswhichrepresentclinicalvignettesinwhichboththeheart andthekidneyareinvolvedinbidirectionalinjuryanddysfunctionviaa?nalcommonpathwayofcell-to-celldeathandaccelerated apoptosismediatedbyoxidativestress.Types1and2involveacuteandchroniccardiovasculardisease(CVD)scenariosleadingto acutekidneyinjury(AKI)oracceleratedchronickidneydisease(CKD).Types3and4describeAKIandCKD,respectively,leading primarilytoheartfailure,althoughitispossiblethatacutecoronarysyndromes,stroke,andarrhythmiascouldbeCVDoutcomes intheseformsofCRS.Finally,CRSstype5describeasystemicinsulttobothheartandthekidneys,suchassepsis,whereboth organsareinjuredsimultaneouslyinpersonswithpreviouslynormalheartandkidneyfunctionatbaseline.Bothbloodandurine biomarkers,includingtheassessmentofcatalyticiron,acriticalelementtothegenerationofoxygen-freeradicalsandoxidative stress,arereviewedinthispaper. 1.Introduction ma