Oil Depletion and the Energy Efficiency of Oil Production The Case of California 英文参考文献.docVIP

下载本文档

4
0
约5.15万字
约 22页
2017-05-12 发布于上海
举报
版权申诉

Oil Depletion and the Energy Efficiency of Oil Production The Case of California 英文参考文献.doc

1、原创力文档（book118）网站文档一经付费（服务费），不意味着购买了该文档的版权，仅供个人/单位学习、研究之用，不得用于商业用途，未经授权，严禁复制、发行、汇编、翻译或者网络传播等，侵权必究。。
2、本站所有内容均由合作方或网友上传，本站不对文档的完整性、权威性及其观点立场正确性做任何保证或承诺！文档内容仅供研究参考，付费前请自行鉴别。如您付费，意味着您自己接受本站规则且自行承担风险，本站不退款、不进行额外附加服务；查看《如何避免下载的几个坑》。如果您已付费下载过本站文档，您可以点击这里二次下载。
3、如文档侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权、侵犯人身权等，请点击“版权申诉”（推荐），也可以打举报电话：400-050-0827(电话支持时间：9:00-18:30)。
4、该文档为VIP文档，如果想要下载，成为VIP会员后，下载免费。
5、成为VIP后，下载本文档将扣除1次下载权益。下载后，不支持退款、换文档。如有疑问请联系我们。
6、成为VIP后，您将拥有八大权益，权益包括：VIP文档下载权益、阅读免打扰、文档格式转换、高级专利检索、专属身份标志、高级客服、多端互通、版权登记。
7、VIP文档为合作方或网友上传，每下载1次，网站将根据用户上传文档的质量评分、类型等，对文档贡献者给予高额补贴、流量扶持。如果你也想贡献VIP文档。上传文档

Oil Depletion and the Energy Efficiency of Oil Production The Case of California 英文参考文献

Sustainability2011,3,1833-1854;doi:10.3390/su3101833 OPENACCESS sustainability ISSN2071-1050 /journal/sustainability Article OilDepletionandtheEnergyEf?ciencyofOilProduction: TheCaseofCalifornia AdamR.Brandt DepartmentofEnergyResourcesEngineering,GreenEarthSciences065,367PanamaSt.,Stanford University,Stanford,CA94305-2220,USA;E-Mail:abrandt@;Fax:+1-650-724-8251 Received:10June2011;inrevisedform:1August2011/Accepted:5August2011/ Published:12October2011 Abstract: Thisstudyexplorestheimpactofoildepletionontheenergeticef?ciencyofoil extractionandre?ninginCalifornia.Thesechangesaremeasuredusingenergyreturnratios (suchastheenergyreturnoninvestment, orEROI).Iconstructatime-varying?rst-order processmodelofenergyinputsandoutputsofoilextraction.Themodelincludesfactorssuch asoilquality,reservoirdepth,enhancedrecoverytechniques,andwatercut. Thismodelis populatedwithhistoricaldatafor306Californiaoil?eldsovera50yearperiod.Themodel focusesontheeffectsofresourcequalitydecline,whiletechnicalef?cienciesaremodeled simply. ResultsindicatethattheenergyintensityofoilextractioninCaliforniaincreased signi?cantlyfrom1955to2005.Thisresultedinadeclineinthelife-cycleEROIfrom≈6.5 to≈3.5(measuredasmegajoules(MJ)deliveredto?nalconsumersperMJprimaryenergy investedinenergyextraction,transport,andre?ning).Mostofthisdeclineinenergyreturns is due to increasing need for steam-based thermal enhanced oil recovery, with secondary effectsduetoconventionalresourcedepletion(e.g.,increasedwatercut). Keywords:oildepletion;energyreturnoninvestment;energyef?ciency 1.Introduction:OilDepletionandtheEnergyReturnofLowQualityOilResources A transition in oil production has been occurring for decades: the fuels that consumers put into theirautomobilesarebeingproducedusingincreasinglyenergy-intensiveproductionmethods,andfrom resourcesotherthan“conventional”oil.Thistransitionistheresultofthreetrendsoccurringworldwide: outputfromexistingoil?eldsisdeclining,new?eldsarenotaslargeorproductiveasold?elds,and Susta