Protective Role of Toll-like Receptor 3-Induced Type I Interferon in Murine Coronavirus Infection of Macrophages 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Protective Role of Toll-like Receptor 3-Induced Type I Interferon in Murine Coronavirus Infection of Macrophages 英文参考文献.doc

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Protective Role of Toll-like Receptor 3-Induced Type I Interferon in Murine Coronavirus Infection of Macrophages 英文参考文献

Viruses 2012, 4, 901-923; doi:10.3390/v4050901 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 /journal/viruses Article Protective Role of Toll-like Receptor 3-Induced Type I Interferon in Murine Coronavirus Infection of Macrophages Liudmila Mazaleuskaya 1,2, Rogier Veltrop 1, Nneka Ikpeze 1, Julio Martin-Garcia 1,3 and Sonia Navas-Martin 1,3,* 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; E-Mails: lm429@ (L.M.); rogierveltrop@ (R.V.); nci25@ (N.I.); julio.martin-garcia@ (J.M.-G.) 2 Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA 3 Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: sonia.navas-martin@; Tel.: +1-15-762-7284, Fax: +1-215-762-8284. Received: 15 March 2012; in revised form: 12 May 2012 / Accepted: 23 May 2012 / Published: 24 May 2012 Abstract: Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) sense viral infections and induce production of type I interferons (IFNs), other cytokines, and chemokines. Viral recognition by TLRs and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) has been proven to be cell-type specific. Triggering of TLRs with selected ligands can be beneficial against some viral infections. Macrophages are antigen-presenting cells that express TLRs and have a key role in the innate and adaptive immunity against viruses. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that cause acute and chronic infections and can productively infect macrophages. Investigation of the interplay between CoVs and PRRs is in its infancy. We assessed the effect of triggering TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7 with selected ligands on t