Special phase transformation and crystal growth pathways observed in nanoparticles？ 英文参考文献.docVIP

Specialphasetransformationandcrystalgrowthpathways observedinnanoparticles{ BenjaminGilbert,aHengzhongZhang,aFengHuang,aMichaelP.Finnegan,a,b GlennA.WaychunascandJillianF.Ban?eld*a,d aDepartmentofEarthandPlanetarySciences,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,Berkeley, CA94720,USA.E-mail:bgilbert@eps.berkeley.edu;Fax:115106439980; Tel:115106439120 ArticleReview bMaterialsScienceProgram,UniversityofWisconsin-Madison,1509UniversityAvenue, Madison,WI53706-1595,USA cEarthSciencesDivision,LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,MS108B,Berkeley,CA 94720,USA dDepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,Policy,andManagement,UniversityofCalifornia, Berkeley,Berkeley,CA94720,USA.E-mail:jill@eps.berkeley.edu;Fax:11510643998; Tel:115106429488 Received31stJuly2003,Accepted24thOctober2003 PublishedasanAdvanceArticleontheweb7thNovember2003 Phasetransformationandcrystalgrowthinnanoparticlesmayhappenviamechanismsdistinctfromthosein bulkmaterials.Wecombineexperimentalstudiesofas-synthesizedandhydrothermallycoarsenedtitania(TiO2) andzincsul?de(ZnS)withthermodynamicanalysis,kineticmodelingandmoleculardynamics(MD) simulations.Thesampleswerecharacterizedbytransmissionelectronmicroscopy,X-raydiffraction, synchrotronX-rayabsorptionandscattering,andUV-visspectroscopy.Atlowtemperatures,phase transformationintitaniananoparticlesoccurspredominantlyviainterfacenucleationatparticle–particle contacts.CoarseningandcrystalgrowthoftitaniananoparticlescanbedescribedusingtheSmoluchowski equation.Orientedattachment-basedcrystalgrowthwascommoninbothhydrothermalsolutionsandunder dryconditions.MDsimulationspredictlargestructuralperturbationswithinvery?neparticles,andare consistentwithexperimentalresultsshowingthatligandbindingandchangeinaggregationstatecancause phasetransformationwithoutparticlecoarsening.Suchphenomenaaffectsurfacereactivity,thusmayhave importantrolesingeochemicalcycling. Introduction surface:theeffectof?nitesizeoninteriorstructureiscurrently atopicofinterest.12,13 Thetransformationofstructurebetweenstableor