认同差异与“复流为土”.docVIP

认同差异与“复流为土” 　　【摘要】明代广西的改土归流出现较大的反复性,许多土州、县在改由流官治理之后不久又恢复了土官的世袭统治,个别土州、县在土、流之间反复更替。就其主观原因而言,当属明代封建中央王朝、壮族土官和各族民众彼此间在改土归流问题上出现较大的认同差异所致。广西明代改土归流出现较大反复性的深层意义在于,它在明代广西改土归流条件尚未完全成熟的情况下,为封建中央王朝与壮族土司政权在国家与地方认同关系上提供了持续调校的契机,为清代在广西成功实施大规模的改土改流积累了经验,奠定了基础。 　　【关键词】明代;广西;改土归流;认同 　　【作者】广西师范大学历史文化与旅游学院副教授、博士。桂林:541001 　　【中图分类号】C952【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1004-454X(2010)03-0134-007 　　 　　Divergence of Recognition Restoration of Chieftain Systems 　　――The analysis of subjective reasons why The system reform of chieftains to 　　bureaucrats in Guangxi had a greater repeatability during the Ming Dynasty 　　Lan Wu 　　Abstract:The system reform of chieftains to bureaucrats in Guangxi had a greater repeatability during the Ming Dynasty. Many autonomous prefectures returned to their original state of being ruled by the hereditary chieftains not long after changing into bureaucrats-ruling. Several places even changed repeatedly between the two modes of administration. The subjective reason caused the situation was that the central government of the Ming dynasty, the local tyrant and people of various races had great differences on this issue. The deeply meaning of the reform was evident at that time when the conditions of reforming were not mature. It provided the feudal central government and the chieftain power of the Zhuang Nationality with continuous opportunity on the problem of approval relationship between the country and the counties. It also accumulated experience and laid foundation for the following dynasty, Qing dynasty, in large-scaled implementing the Reform of Chieftains to Bureaucrats successfully. 　　Key words:the Ming Dynasty;Guangxi;The system reform of chieftains to bureaucrats;recognition 　　 　　明代,广西壮族土司制度的发展进入了全盛时期,与此同时,其本身所固有的各种弊端也日渐显露出来,在一定程度上越来越不适应土司统治地区日益发展的社会生产力的需要,导致壮族土司与封建中央王朝之间的矛盾日益尖锐化。于是,封建统治者为了进一步巩固和加强封建中央集权统治,在对各种现实条件进行分析和对自身各种权益作了考量之后,决定对长期存在的壮族土司制度进行变革和实施改流。“改土归流”因而成为明代广西壮族土司制度的一项重要内容,对“改土归流”的研究也就成为壮族土司制度研究课题中的应有之义。 　　 　　一 　　 　　综观学术界,历来对广西壮族地区改土归流问题进行专门