论文写作与研究第二章 文秋芳著.pptVIP

2.Fundamental concepts;2.Fundamental concepts;2.1 HYPOTHESIS,THEORY AND MODEL;2.1.1 Different types of hypotheses;2.1.2 Theory;Introduce Stephen krashen ; 2.2Population and Sample; Sample A sample is a representative portion of the whole target population ,which is typically obtained through random sampling .In random sampling every unit of population has an equal opportunity to be selected into the sample. 2.2.2 Relation between population and sample Since a sample is randomly selected,it is assumed to be a miniature of the population.; As shown in Figure 2.3,you first draw a sample from the population and then work at the sample .Once you have finished the work with sample, you will get the results concerning the sample…………………… How much generalizing power the results have depends on to what extent the sample can represent the population. ; 2.3 Variables ;2.3.1 the five variables:; 2.3.1.1 Independent and dependent variables ; In the second case: An independent variable is the variable that is used to predict another variable . The depedent variable is the variable predicted by an independent . ; To sum up, in the first case,it is clear that the independent variable is a cause which produces changes in the dependent variable; Whereas in the second case, the independent variable is a predictor which is used to predict the dependent variable. ;2.3.1.2 the moderator variables; Example : Hypothesis: using L1 in the process of learning English has a negative effect on studentslearning outcomes but it has a stronger negative effect on adults than children. Independent variable:the use of L1 Moderator variable:age Dependent variable:Learning outcomes ;2.3.1.3 control variables; 2.3.1.4 Intervening variables;2.3.1.5 The relationship among variables;Control variables are the variables that are kept constant during the study in order to examine the robust effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. intervening variables a