知识本体简介Ontology ：An Introduction.ppt

知识本体简介Ontology ：An Introduction Liu shengping lsp@ Outline Why ontology What is ontology Ontology and its relatives Ontology How to Methodology Ontology learning Ontology applications Special issues on IR Why ontology: a data exchange view Data exchange problem: 数据格式不同 相同的含义用词不一样，相同的词含义不一样 一些隐含的假设，背景信息不一样 如：TV单价2000元 Primitive method 例子：客户发送订单系统 ，销售商处理订单系统 N个系统交换数据：Cn2 translators XML approach XML 数据通用的语法（格式） 表示和内容分离( vs. HTML) n个系统：n translators 需要单一的DTD/XML Schema 无清晰语义，和结构,或者说语法，混在一起 难以集成： 用词，结构不一致， 单一的DTD标准困难 很多xml标准制订中。。。 Web Services, cnXML, CXML, BPML, etc. RDF approach RDF (资源描述框架) web上通用数据模型: (subject, property, object )三元组 语义与结构（语法）分离 需要单一的RDF Schema 要定义： RDF 数据使用的词汇，类型，词汇之间的关系，约束等 甚至：一些推理规则 Vs. xml schema 比XML高一层次，不拘泥于具体的语法表示 更容易重用，容易制定，更好的扩展性，。。。 RDF schema extension,如DAML, 能定义公理， Ontology is the key 统一的RDF schema 标准就是ontology 提供语义层次上的统一认识 enable communication among people, software agents, software. To make domain assumptions explicit Context information/assumption must be explicitly stated. What is ontology Definition Components Categories Representation language Definition 哲学： 存在论：The branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of being. Science of Being What is being? What are features common to all the beings? 计算机科学： Formal: machine readable, exclude Natural Language Explicit: no implicit information Shared: consensus knowledge A formal, explicit specification of shared conceptualization Ontology components An ontology is an explicit description of a domain: concepts properties of concepts constraints on properties Instances (often, but not always) Axioms An ontology defines a common vocabulary a shared understanding Ontology languages First-order logic KIF CYCL Frame logic: OIL Conceptual Graph Others RDF schema：为web ontology定制 UML !!! Types of ontology General Ontology WordNet CYC Domain Ontology Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) UNSPSC - terminology for products and services Method Ontology Application Ont