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初中数学“图形与几何”中的合情推理分析-analysis of reasonable reasoning in
山东
山东师范大学硕士学位论文
山东
山东师范大学硕士学位论文
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情推理的定义,其功能与价值也没有提及,难免影响对合情推理的理解,对此笔者建议
在《标准》中明确合情推理的定义、功能及其对培养学生创新能力的价值。 3.本文对人教版和北师大版初中数学教科书“图形与几何”领域合情推理内容的呈
现进行了比较研究,发现教科书在该领域体现出对合情推理的重视。教科书加强了与学 生生活现实的联系,更多地运用直观几何、实验几何,通过直观感知、操作确认,探索 发现定义、基本事实、定理等,而后通过演绎推理进行证明。特别是北师大版初中数学 教科书,《标准》中列出的所有需要证明的命题都是先行探索,之后建立公理体系进行 论证,对定义、基本事实、定理的探索过程发展了学生的合情推理能力。但这种螺旋上 升,直观几何、实验几何跟演绎几何分别呈现的编排方式是否有利于几何教学,特别是 过多的直观几何、实验几何是否使得几何失去了原来的系统性和严谨性,对此有不同的 认识。对此,笔者根据建构主义的理论和五四初中数学教科书的编写经验给出了一些教 科书的编写建议。
4.对合情推理教学做了问卷调查,找出影响合情推理教学的因素,主要是:《标准》 在合情推理阐述方面存在不足;教科书“图形与几何”领域重视合情推理,但在内容编 排呈现方面存在不足;师生认识到合情推理的价值,但平时并不注重用合情推理研究几 何问题。笔者根据建构主义理论、皮亚杰的儿童认知发展理论和弗赖登塔尔的“再创造” 数学学习理论,给出了初中数学“图形与几何”领域合情推理的教学模式,并用案例进 行说明;根据合情推理的定义和初中数学“图形与几何”课程设计的特点,对培养学生 的合情推理能力提出了五条建议。
关键词:合情推理;归纳推理;类比推理;图形与几何;教学研究 分类号:G633.6
The Study on Plausible Reasoning
in “Graph and Geometry” Field of Mathematics in Junior High School
Abstract
Reasoning is not only the basic mode of thinking in mathematics, but also the constantly used mode of thinking in people’s learning and everyday life. The ability of reasoning is the essential part of understanding mathematics and the development of reasoning ability should run through the whole process of mathematics learning. Normally, reasoning is divided into two kinds: plausible reasoning and deductive reasoning. Plausible reasoning focuses on discovery which is helpful to develop students’ innovative spirit. Plausible reasoning can make students understand the meaning and reasonableness of mathematics through developing ideas, exploring phenomena, justifying results and getting math guess. But for a long time, mathematical “graph and geometry” field in junior high school have paid attention on formalized method to develop students’ reasoning ability and ignored the plausible reasoning training.
This thesis applies method of documents, method of comparative study, method of questionnaire, etc. and gives the prominence to the key points as follows:
According to the pertinent docume
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