领导力法律和地方管理理解所有政治制度基础.docVIP

领导力法律和地方管理理解所有政治制度基础 　　［摘 要］ 中世纪的财务法院、英国普通法、英国议会和美国的联邦民主制是英国和美国政治史上四种重要的政治制度。财务法院实现了国家统治者对地方治理者承诺长期回报以激励其良好治理行为的统治意图；英国的普通法和议会通过良好的制度设计成功地保证了在政治生活中不同利益主体享有实现他们目的的平等机会，保护其私有财产与投资；美国联邦民主制的成功揭示了，民主若要成功，仅有选举是不够的，它还需要一些可供选择的具有良好民主声誉的候选人，需要建立从地方到联邦的各层次的民选机构，通过各层面民主的激励，来推动民主的发展。中国历史上也有一些在历史缘由和功能上类似的重要政治制度，如科举制、奏章制度等。所有成功制度发展的背后都有一些普通准则，地方政府和中央政府之间的关系对大国的成功具有关键作用。?? 　　［关键词］ 政治制度； 财务法院； 英国普通法； 英国议会； 美国联邦民主制 　　?お? 　　Understanding the Foundations of All Political Systems： Leadership, Law, ??and Local Government?? 　　Roger B. Myerson?? 　　(Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, USA) 　　Abstract： This study has applied some basic principles of economic theory to the history of political institutions in England and America, and has also compared them with some political institutions in the history of China. It is argued in this paper that the relationship between local governments and the national government is vital to the success of great nations. To illustrate this point, the development of four important point institutions in English and American political history has been analyzed： the medieval Court of the Exchequer, the English common law, the English Parliament, and the American system of federal democracy. ?? 　　The Court of Exchequer was an important institution around 1200 in the early development of the English monarchy, which guaranteed that high officials were being appropriately judged for rewards or punishments. Each sheriff, governor of one of the provinces in medieval England, met the treasurer who was the representative of the central government twice a year at the Court of the Exchequer to settle the sheriffs accounts. And a large subset of the most powerful people in England gathered also at the Court of the Exchequer just to watch and verify everything that they did. Everything that the sheriff had been doing was publicly recorded there at the Exchequer. Therefore, local governors were motivated by the promise of large moral??haz