学习与记忆-宏观 Learning and Memory.ppt

CS: conditioned stimulus A signaling stimulus that does not elicit a response by itself US: unconditioned stimulus: A stimulus is a factor that causes a response in an organism Conditioning: coupling of CS and US to elicit a response Associative learning-operant conditioning Learning by doing Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning in that the animal can control the presence of the unconditioned stimulus. 1. The basic concepts of learningmemory classification of learningmemory brain structures hosting learningmemory learningmemory in behavioral study learningmemory and neural plasticity 2. The molecular basis of learning memory studies in Aplysia studies in mouse, LTP, LTD and long term memory Neural basis of learning and memory: general thinking Information can be stored in the nervous system in forms of molecular, synaptic, and cellular events Neuroplasticity (or neural plasticity) is the ability of neurons and neural circuits to be remodeled by experience or environment. Memory Storage Requires Neuronal Remodeling Changes can be presynaptic (such as increased neurotransmitter), or postsynaptic (such as altered effectiveness of receptors), or both. Structural changes at the synapse may provide long-term storage. Pre- and Post-synaptic Changes That May Store Memories Structural Changes That May Store Memories * 比如说来浙大念书，这就是学习，否则你先天就会的比如吃奶撒尿呼吸眨眼这种能力，根本就不能叫做学习 从文字上讲，学是指通过锻炼习是重复温故，所谓学而时习之，就是学，然后温习的过程。 记忆，从字面上讲，记是获得或者保持某一记忆内容的过程，而忆则是回想的过程，英文讲，记是memorize或者remember，亿是recall。 episodic memory semantic memory ? 从20世纪70年代以来，加拿大心理学家图尔文和唐纳森（TulvingKonaldson,1972）把长时记忆又分为两种：一种是情景记忆（或情节记忆）（episodic memory),另一种是语义记忆（semantic memory）。 情景记忆即对个人亲身经历的、发生在一定时间和地点的事件（情景）的记忆。以时间和空间为坐标。 语义记忆脱离了时间和空间以及具体情境，不以个人为中心的理论和知识的记忆。 Priming refers to a increased sensitivity to certain stimuli due to prior experience. Because priming it believed to occur outside of conscious