荷载及设计原则：Chapter 7 Historical Development of Design Approaches.pptVIP

Chapter 7 Historical Development of Design Approaches 7.1 Design Objectives 7.2 Design Approaches 7.3 Design Codes Chapter 7 Historical Development of Design Approaches 7.1 Design Objectives In order to fulfill its purpose, a structure must satisfy a number of design objectives. Most basic are feasibility, safety, serviceability, economy, functionality, and aesthetics. The safety and serviceability of structures are generally achieved by satisfying a number of code limitations or criteria. 7.2 Design Approaches Structural design has a long history of development. The structural design has undergone various developments, which can be summarized as two aspects: For the structural design theory, it was developed from the elasticity theory to probability-based limit state theory. For the analysis method, it was developed from the fixed value design to the probabilistic design. Chapter 7 Historical Development of Design Approaches 7.2 Design Approaches In designing for safety, several design approaches can be followed. These approaches are generally based on theory, supported by experimental evidence. Currently encountered design approaches include: working stress design (WSD) ultimate strength design (USD) multi-factor limit state design reliability-based probabilistic limit state design Chapter 7 Historical Development of Design Approaches 1. Working Stress Design (or Allowable Stress Design) (容许应力设计法) In this approach the stresses under working loads are limited to permissible values or allowable stresses and the structure is analyzed assuming linear elastic behavior. It is expressed as: Where σ is the stress of a section under external loading; [σ] is the allowable stress of the material given by codes. σ ≤ [σ] Chapter 7 Historical Development of Design Approaches 2. Ultimate Strength Design ( 破损阶段设计法) In