心理学专业英语PPT-Chapter 5 Learning and Memory.pptxVIP

Chapter 5 Learning and Memory;Contents ;Reading 1: ‘Superstition’ in the Pigeon;If the interval before the next presentation is not so great that extinction takes place,a second ‘contingency’ is probable. 如果下一次呈现之前的时间间隔不足以使联结消退,那么再一次出现“偶发事件”是很可能的。;The response of hopping from side to side never reappeared and could not,of course,be obtained deliberately without making the reinforcement contingent upon the behavior.;Reading 2: Portrait of a Memory;Figure 1 Experiment design and behavior. (a) In run 1, participants viewed a 50-min movie, BBC’s Sherlock (episode 1). (b) In the immediately following run 2, participants verbally recounted aloud what they recalled from the movie. Instructions to “retell what you remember in as much detail as you can” were provided before the start of the run. (c) Diagram of scene durations and order for movie viewing and spoken recall in a representative participant. (d) Summary of durations and order for scene viewing and recall in all participants. ;The physical trace of a single memory—also called an engram—has long evaded capture.US psychologist Karl Lashley was one of the first to pursue it and devoted much of his career to the quest. Beginning around 1916,he trained rats to run through a simple maze,and then destroyed a chunk of cortex,the brain‘s outer surface.Then he put them in the maze again.Often the damaged brain tissue made little difference. Year after year,the physical location of the rats’ memories remained elusive. Summing up his ambitious mission in 1950,Lashley wrote:“I sometimes feel,in reviewing the evidence on the localization of the memory trace,that the necessary conclusion is that learning is just not possible.”;Josselyn helped lead this wave of research with some of the earliest studies to capture engram neurons in mice. In 2009,she and her team boosted the level of a key memory protein called CREB in some cells in the amygdala (an area involved in processing fear), and showed that those neurons were especially