计算机组成与结构：chapter8 Operating System Support.pptVIP

8.1 Operating system overview Objectives and Functions The operating System (OS) is the software that controls the execution of program and manages the computer’s resources An interface between the user and computer hardware Functions: resource management, interface Memory, CPU, device, file, interface management Objectives: Convenience: Making the computer easier to use Efficiency: Allowing better use of computer resources Layers and Views of a Computer System Operating System Services Program creation Utilities are accessible through OS Program execution A number of tasks needed in the execution of a program are masked by OS Access to I/O devices Controlled access to files System access Protect resources, resolve conflicts Error detection and response Accounting Types of O/S Interactive User directly interacts with the O/S through a keyboard/terminal Batch User programs are collected together (“off line”) and submitted to the O/S in a batch by an operator Print-out results of the program execution is returned to the user This type of O/S is not typical of current machines Single program (Uni-programming) Work only one program at a time Multiprogramming / time sharing An O/S is said to be multiprogramming if it supports the simultaneous execution of more than 1 job Time sharing is the term for multiprogramming when applied to an interactive system Multiprogramming / time sharing A queue of pending jobs is maintained Current job is swapped out when it is idled waiting for I/O and other devices Next pending job is started Either requires much more sophistication than a typical batch O/S Memory management Scheduling Early Systems Late 1940s to mid 1950s No Operating System Programs interact directly with hardware Two main problems: Scheduling Setup time Simple Batch Systems Resident Monitor program Users submit jobs to operator Operator batches jobs Monitor controls sequence of events to process batch When one job is finished, control returns to