(参考)第四章边际革命与新古典经济学.pptVIP

续前 We shall find that if the period is short, the supply is limited to the stores which happen to be at hand: if the period is longer, the supply will be influenced, more or less, by the cost of producing the commodity in question; and if the period is very long, this cost will in its turn be influenced, more or less, by the cost of producing the labour and the material things required for producing the commodity. 续前 These three classes of course merge into one another by imperceptible degrees. We will begin with the first class; and consider in the next chapter those temporary equilibria of demand and supply, in which “supply” means in effect merely the stock available at the time for sale in the market; so that it cannot be directly influenced by the cost of production. 紧接的 第二章是供求的暂时均衡 第三章是正常供求的均衡 第五章是关于长期与短期 个人的均衡：desire effort The simplest case of balance or equilibrium between desire and effort is found when a person satisfies one of his wants by his own direct work. 一个具体市场中，买卖双方之间的均衡 “讨价还价”。 So the price may be tossed hither and thither like a shuttlecock, as one side or the other gets the better in the higgling and bargaining of the market. 劳动力市场与普通商品市场 这两种市场上的“讨价还价”或均衡过程有差别吗？如果有，是何差别？（中文，下，28~29） 预期对均衡过程的影响 Even in the corn-exchange of a country town on a market-day the equilibrium price is affected by calculations of the future relations of production and consumption. Anticipations of that rise exercise an influence on present sales for future delivery, and that in its turn influences cash prices. 中文，下：30，第三自然段 But in this and the following chapters we are specially concerned with movements of price ranging over still longer periods than those for which the most far-sighted dealers in futures generally make their reckoning: we have to consider the volume of production adjusting itself to the conditions of the market, and the normal price being thus determined at the position of stable equilibrium of normal demand and normal supply. 短期均衡和长期均衡 5:5:6：