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On the equilibrium rotation of Earth-like extra-solar planets.pdf

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On the equilibrium rotation of Earth-like extra-solar planets

a r X i v : 0 8 0 8 .1 0 7 1 v 1 [ a s t r o - p h ] 7 A u g 2 0 0 8 Astronomy Astrophysics manuscript no. 0388 c? ESO 2008 August 7, 2008 On the equilibrium rotation of Earth-like extra-solar planets Alexandre C.M. Correia 1,2 , Benjamin Levrard 2,3 , and Jacques Laskar 2 1 Departamento de F??sica da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universita?rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal 2 Astronomie et Syste?mes Dynamiques, IMCCE-CNRS UMR 8028, 77 Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France 3 Universite? de Lyon 1, CRAL, Ecole Normale Supe?rieure de Lyon, 46 alle?e d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Received ?? May, 2008; accepted ?? ABSTRACT The equilibrium rotation of tidally evolved “Earth-like” extra-solar planets is often assumed to be synchronous with their orbital mean motion. The same assumption persisted for Mercury and Venus until radar observations revealed their true spin rates. As many of these planets follow eccentric orbits and are believed to host dense atmospheres, we expect the equilibrium rotation to differ from the synchronous motion. Here we provide a general description of the allowed final equilibrium rotation states of these planets, and apply this to already discovered cases in which the mass is lower than 12 M⊕. At low obliquity and moderate eccentricity, it is shown that there are at most four distinct equilibrium possibilities, one of which can be retrograde. Because most presently known “Earth-like” planets present eccentric orbits, their equilibrium rotation is unlikely to be synchronous. Key words. extra-solar planets – terrestrial planets – super-earths – atmospheres 1. Introduction After a significant number of discoveries of new extra-solar gaseous giant planets, a new barrier has been passed with the de- tections of several planets in the Neptune and even Earth-mass (M⊕) regime: 5 ? 12 M⊕ (Rivera et al. 2005; Lovis et al. 2006; Udry et al. 2007; Bonfils et al. 2007). If the commonly accepted core-accretion model can acc