Sequence Divergent RXLR Effectors Share a Structural Fold Conserved across Plant Pathogenic Oomycete Species 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Sequence Divergent RXLR Effectors Share a Structural Fold Conserved across Plant Pathogenic Oomycete Species 英文参考文献.doc

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Sequence Divergent RXLR Effectors Share a Structural Fold Conserved across Plant Pathogenic Oomycete Species 英文参考文献

Pearls SequenceDivergentRXLREffectorsShareaStructural FoldConservedacrossPlantPathogenicOomycete Species JoeWin1,KseniaV.Krasileva2,SophienKamoun1,KenShirasu3,BrianJ.Staskawicz2,MarkJ.Banfield4* 1TheSainsburyLaboratory,NorwichResearchPark,Norwich,UnitedKingdom,2DepartmentofPlantandMicrobialBiology,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,California, United States of America, 3Plant Science Centre, RIKEN, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan, 4Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich ResearchPark,Norwich,UnitedKingdom The availability of genome sequences for some of the most devastatingeukaryoticplantpathogenshasledarevolutioninour understandingofhowtheseparasitescausedisease,andhowtheir hosts respond to invasion [1–7]. One of the most significant discoveries from the genome sequences of plant pathogenic oomycetesistheplethoraofputativetranslocatedeffectorproteins theseorganismsencode.Manyeffectorgenesdisplaysignaturesof rapid evolution and tend to reside in dynamic regions of the pathogen genomes. Once inside the host, effector proteins modulate cellular processes, mainly suppressing plant immunity [8–12]. Effectors can also be recognized directly or indirectly by theplantimmunesystemthroughtheactionofdiseaseresistance (R)proteins[13,14]. Phytophthora and H. arabidopsidis effectors do not share any sequence similarity: the conservation was only significant apparent after the structures were determined and compared. Further, the structural conservation across different oomycete specieswasparticularlyintriguing,asstudieswiththePhytophthora proteinsAVR3a11andPexRD2[21]hadsuggestedathree-helix bundle fold could be the basic structural unit adopted by the repeatingW-Ymotifsfoundin.520PhytophthoraRXLReffectors (44% of annotated RXLR effectors in P. infestans, Phytophthora ramorum, and P. sojae). Using Hidden Markov Model (HMM)- based sequence searches, these motifs had also been detected in H.arabidopsidisRXLReffectorproteins,with35outof134(26%) conta