(精选)Nucleic Acid教学课件.pptVIP

Chargaff 定则（1952年） 1）A=T，C=G; 即 A+G = C+T 2）不同生物的DNA具有自己的碱基组成，即碱基组成有种的特异性。 3）同一生物的各器官，DNA不具组织特异性。 4）年龄、营养状态、环境改变不影响DNA的碱基组成。 * * 双螺旋表面有大沟、小沟，对DNA和蛋白质的相互识别是十分重要的，在遗传信息的传递和表达中起重要作用。 * 有共同的螺旋轴，碱基朝内，氢键相连与轴垂直，戊糖平面垂直碱面。 相邻碱基对平面距离0.34 nm，相差36度，10个核苷酸/圈 * T he biological significance of DNA double helix Accurately described the storage of genetic information and mechanism of DNA replication for the first time. 大大推动了分子生物学和分子遗传学的发展，被誉为20世纪最伟大的发现之一。 The essential feature of the model is complementary base pairing. Based on the rules of base-pairing，Watson and Crick suggested the mechanism of DNA semiconservative replication. * 【氢键】【碱基堆积力】【离子键】【负电荷】【阳离子】 * DNA的三级结构：双螺旋不扭曲，形成一种比双螺旋更搞层次的空间结构，包括：线性DNA形成的扭结，超螺旋和多重螺旋，环状DNA形成的结，超螺旋和连环等 * * * * 【戊糖】【核糖】【突环】【发夹结构】【茎环结构】RNA分子是含短的不完全的螺旋区的多核苷酸链。双螺旋部分稳定因素也是碱基堆积力 * * 【沉降系数】P668-Chapter22.2 * A. Restriction Maps B. DNA Fingerprints C. Recombinant DNA nuclein 【核素】 leukocytes【白细胞】In 1869, F. Miescher （1844-1895）, a Swiss physician and biologist, isolated various phosphate-rich chemicals, which he called nuclein (now nucleic acids), from the nuclei of pus cells (leukocytes )obtained from discarded surgical bandages. In 1889, Altmann extracted nucleic acid from yeast and animal tissue. He coined the term “nucleic acid” in exchange for nuclein, when it was demonstrated that nuclein had acidic properties. In 1902, E. Fischer, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, is noted for his work on glucose and purines【嘌呤】. * In 1909, Levene discovered D-ribose 【 D-核糖】. In 1910, Kossel was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research in nucleic acids. Around 1912, Levene formulated his “tetranucleotide hypothesis 【四核苷假说】 ”, which turn out to hinder the development of nucleic acids. * 1. In 1944, Avery completed the transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae 【肺炎球菌】. 2. In 1952, two American scientists designed an experiment, in which bacteria were infected with T2 phages that had been radioactively labeled either in