英语使役动词用法初探.docVIP

英语使役动词用法初探 　　摘要:英语中的使役动词和具有使役意义的动词是两个不同的概念,而具有使役意义的动词数量颇多,用法较复杂,有使役动词,半使役动词,有表动态的,表静态(状态)的;其在句子中的结构也不尽相同,故探讨之,以供学习者参考。 　　关键词:使役动词半使役动词动态状态复合结构 　　中图分类号:H319 文献标识码: A文章编号:1672-1578(2010)02-0023-02 　　 　　英语中具有使役意义的动词较多,跟人们常常说的使役动词不是一个概念。通常我们说使役动词,指的是make, have, let这三个动词,它们在后接不定式作宾语补足语时要省去不定式符号to的特定用法。但具有使役意义的动词数量上远不止这些,用法也较灵活,现将其分类叙述如下,以饷读者。(注:英语动词意义丰富,在此仅限于“使役”意义。) 　　1 使役动词have, let, make (常用于复合结构) 　　1.1 have的用法 　　(1) have +宾语+省to不定式:表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事,宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系。而且还可以与情态动词will, would连用,不用于被动结构。 　　The rich lady had the singer eat with his servants. 　　I will have him come and help you. 　　(2) have+宾语+现在分词:表示让某人或物连续进行某动作或处于某状态中,宾语和宾补是一种主动关系。亦可转化为“劝说,鼓励”宾语干某事。 　　The two cheats had the lights burning all night long. 　　He had us waiting for him three hours yesterday. 　　I have them all talking to each other in English. 我鼓励他们用英语交谈。 　　(3) have +宾语+过去分词:表示主语的主观意志,即主语让别人为自己完成某事,宾语和宾补是动宾关系。还可以表示主语遭受到来利或不测的事。 　　Tom said he had had his TV set repaired. 　　Tom had his wallet stolen on the bus yesterday. 　　“别人”在句中一般不出现,这是它与结构1)的区别所在。试比较: 　　Have you washed your clothes? 你洗了衣服了吗?(自己洗) 　　Have you had your clothes washed? 你叫人洗了衣服了吗?(别人洗) 　　(4) have+宾语+形容词/副词/介词短语作宾补 　　Please have your tickets ready. 　　The Emperor had nothing on. 　　I am sure I’ll have him in the argument. 　　1.2 let的用法 　　(1) let +宾语+省to不定式:表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事,宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系,罕用于被动语态。有时也可指一种假设。let后不能接现在分词,过去分词作宾补。 　　Let them stay in the classroom and do their exercises themselves. 　　Let AB be equal to CD. 假设AB等于CD。 　　(2) let+宾语+副词/介词短语作宾补 　　Let me in and let them out. 　　Who let you into the building? 　　1.3 make的用法 　　(1) make +宾语+省to不定式:表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事,宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系。此结构常用被动结构。make后不接现在分词作宾补。 　　The teacher made the naughty boy stand there for an hour. 　　The naughty boy was made to stand there for an hour. 　　(2) make+宾语+过去分词,此结构中的宾语指人时常用到反身代词。 　　He raised his voice to make himself heard. 　　Can you easily make yourself understood in English? 　　They will make an important plan known to