初级统计学.ppt

Chapter 1Introduction to Statistics Definition Data observations (such as measurements, genders, survey responses) that have been collected Definition Statistics a collection of methods for planning studies and experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data 描述统计与推断统计 描述统计——用图形、表格和概括性的数字对数据进行描述的统计方法，所论不超出已有数据。 推断统计（统计推断）——根据样本信息对总体进行估计、假设检验、预测或其他推断的统计方法。 Application areas of statistics actuarial work (精算) agriculture (农业) animal science (动物学) anthropology (人类学) archaeology (考古学) auditing (审计学) crystallography (晶体学) demography (人口统计学) dentistry (牙医学) ecology (生态学) econometrics (经济计量学) education (教育学) election forecasting and projection (选举预测和策划) engineering (工程) epidemiology (流行病学) finance (金融) human genetics (人类遗传学) fisheries research (水产渔业研究) gambling (赌博) genetics (遗传学) geography (地理学) geology (地质学) historical research (历史研究) Interesting Statistics Women blink nearly twice as much as men. Right-handed people live ,on average ,nine years longer than left-handed people. You share your birthday with at least nine million other people. China has more English-speaking people than the United states. American Airlines saves $40,000 in a year by eliminating one olive from each salad served in first-class. Definition Population the complete collection of all elements (scores, people, measurements, and so on) to be studied; the collection is complete in the sense that it includes all subjects to be studied Key Concept Definition Parameter a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population. Discrete data result when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a ‘countable’ number Example: The number of eggs that a hen lays Continuous (numerical) data r